Laboratory Evaluation of Small Strain Elastic Parameters of Coal Ash from Bender Element Tests
Publication: Geo-Congress 2023
ABSTRACT
Increased industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth of developing countries like India have demanded more energy requirements. Currently, thermal power plants are the dominating power generation sources. Accordingly, coal ash management has become a huge challenge in India and globally. Mass utilization of coal ash is possible in geotechnical applications and hence requires a proper understanding of its elastic parameters such as Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. The present study investigated the effect of sample preparation, initial void ratio, confining pressure, and S and P wave travel time measurement on the elastic parameters of coal ash using bender element tests. Additionally, power models for the maximum shear modulus (Gmax) and maximum Young’s modulus (Emax) were developed, and the fitting constants, A and n, for the relationship were evaluated. These relationships are useful as input parameters in static and seismic analysis of various geotechnical structures constructed with coal ash.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
ASTM. ASTM D2487-17. (2019). Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, PA, https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-17E01.2.
ASTM. ASTM D4318-17. (2017). Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, PA, https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-17E01.
ASTM. ASTM D8295-19. (2019). Standard Test Method for Determination of Shear Wave Velocity and Initial Shear Modulus in Soil Specimens using Bender Elements. ASTM Int.,West Conshohocken, PA, https://doi.org/10.1520/D8295-19.
Bachus, R. C., et al. (2019). “Characterization and Engineering Properties of Dry and Ponded Class-F Fly Ash.” J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng., 145 (3): 04019003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001986.
Choo, H., Yeboah, N. N., and Burns, S. E. (2016). “Small to intermediate strain properties of fly ashes with various carbon and biomass contents.” Can. Geotech. J., 53 (1): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0069.
Fernando, J., and Tauta, C. (2012). “A procedure to calibrate and perform the Bender Element Test Element.” Dyna, 176 (2012): 10–18.
Gu, X., Yang, J., and Huang, M. (2013). “Laboratory measurements of small strain properties of dry sands by bender element.” Soils Found., 53 (5): 735–745. Japanese Geotechnical Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SANDF.2013.08.011.
Gu, X., Yang, J., Huang, M., and Gao, G. (2015). “Bender element tests in dry and saturated sand: Signal interpretation and result comparison.” Soils Found., 55 (5): 951–962. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SANDF.2015.09.002.
Jakka, R. S., Datta, M., and Ramana, G. V. (2010). “Liquefaction behaviour of loose and compacted coal ash.” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30 (7): 580–590. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.01.015.
Janusz, P. A., Sørensen, K. K., Clausen, O. R., and Andresen, K. J. (2021). “Influence of sample conditions on shear wave velocity measurements in a sedimentary stiff clay.” Mar. Georesources Geotechnol., 39 (4): 448–458. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2020.1711833.
Lings, M. L., and Greening, P. D. (2001). “A novel bender/extender element for soil testing.” Geotechnique, 51 (8): 713–717. ICE. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.8.713.
Moldovan, I. D., Correia, A. G., and Pereira, C. (2016). “Bender-based G0 measurements: A coupled numerical-experimental approach.” Comput. Geotech., 73: 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.11.011.
Murillo, C., Sharifipour, M., Caicedo, B., Thorel, L., and Dano, C. (2011). “Elastic parameters of intermediate soils based on bender-extender elements pulse tests.” Soils Found., 51 (4): 637–649. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.637.
Ogino, T., Kawaguchi, T., Yamashita, S., and Kawajiri, S. (2015). “Measurement deviations for shear wave velocity of bender element test using time domain, cross-correlation, and frequency domain approaches.” Soils Found., 55 (2): 329–342. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.02.009.
Parhi, P. S., Balunaini, U., Sravanam, S. M., and Mauriya, V. K. (2020). “Site Characterization of Existing and Abandoned Coal Ash Ponds Using Shear-Wave Velocity from Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves.” J. Geotech. geoenvironmental Eng., 146 (11): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002366.
Ramaiah, B. J., Jakka, R. S., and Ramana, G. V. (2010). “Shear Wave Velocity Measurements at Slurry Deposited Coal Ash Ponds in Delhi, India.” Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Environ. Geotech., (November): 578–581.
Sridharan, A., Pandian, N. S., and Prasad, P. S. (2000). “Liquid Limit Determination of Class F Coal Ash.” J. Test. Eval., 28 (6): 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte12136j.
Wang, Y., Benahmed, N., Cui, Y. J., and Tang, A. M. (2017). “A novel method for determining the small-strain shear modulus of soil using the bender elements technique.” Can. Geotech. J., 54 (2): 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0341.
Zand, B., Tu, W., Amaya, P. J., Wolfe, W. E., and Butalia, T. S. (2009). “An experimental investigation on liquefaction potential and post-liquefaction shear strength of impounded fly ash.” Fuel, 88 (7): 1160–1166. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.020.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Published online: Mar 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.