Geochemical Properties and Atterberg Limits of Low Saline Sand-Clay Mixtures
Publication: Geo-Congress 2023
ABSTRACT
Increase in soil salinity is one of the major effects of climate change, which has direct and indirect effects on the chemical, hydraulic, and mechanical behavior of soils. Earlier studies have demonstrated the change in material properties on soils with low-high saline concentrations; however, the transition of low to high threshold values that influence the fundamental properties of the soils is unclear. This study is an attempt to evaluate the threshold of low salt concentrations on changes to soil properties and develop correlations on the geochemical and consistency limits of soil. Characterization tests and geochemical tests including particle size, consistency limits, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio, and cation exchange capacity were determined. The amount of Ca, Mg, Na, and K present in the soil was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Each test was performed on the seven different mixes of varying sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration within a low salinity range to understand its effect on geochemical parameters and consistency limits. Regression analysis was performed on the experimental results which showed a linear relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and salt concentration whereas liquid limit values were defined by two best linear fit equations for different salt concentrations. A threshold value was defined for the liquid limit above which the effect of salt concentration is limited.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Ajalloeian, R., Mansouri, H., and Sadeghpour, A. H. (2013). “Effect of saline water on geotechnical properties of fine-grained soil”. EDGE, 18, 1419–1435.
Anson, R. W. W., and Hawkins, A. B. (1998). “The effect of calcium ions in pore water on the residual shear strength of kaolinite and sodium montmorillonite”. Geotechnique, 48(6), 787–800.
Corporation Commission. (2021). Title 165: Corporation Commission Chapter 10: Oil and Gas Conservation.
Di Maio, C., Santoli, L., and Schiavone, P. (2004). “Volume change behavior of clays: the influence of mineral composition, pore fluid composition, and stress state”. Mechanics of materials, 36(5-6), 435–451.
Geertsema, M., and Torrance, J. K. (2005). “Quick clay from the Mink Creek landslide near Terrace, British Columbia: geotechnical properties, mineralogy, and geochemistry”. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(3), 907–918.
Kenney, T. C. (1977). “Residual strengths of mineral mixtures”. Proc., 9th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1, 155–160.
Lambe, T. W. (1958). “The structure of compacted clays”. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 84(2), 1654-1.
Mitchell, J. K. (1956). “The fabric of natural clays and its relation to engineering properties”. In Highway Research Board Proceedings (Vol. 35).
Mukhopadhyay, R., Sarkar, B., Jat, H. S., Sharma, P. C., and Bolan, N. S. (2021). “Soil salinity under climate change: Challenges for sustainable agriculture and food security”. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111736.
Nathan, M. V., Stecker, J. A., and Sun, U. (2012). Soil testing in Missouri: A guide for conducting soil tests in Missouri (2012).
Ören, A. H., and Kaya, A. (2003). “Some engineering aspects of homoionized mixed clay minerals”. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 84(1), 85–98.
Regional Salinity Laboratory (US). (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. US Department of Agriculture.
Rosenqvist, I. T. (1955). “Investigations in the clay-electrolyte-water system”. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.
Ross, D. S., and Ketterings, Q. (1995). “Recommended methods for determining soil cation exchange capacity”. Recommended soil testing procedures for the northeastern United States, 493(101), 62.
Smith, C. W., Hadas, A., Dan, J., and Koyumdjisky, H. (1985). “Shrinkage and Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of principal soil types in Israel”. Geoderma, 35(1), 47–65.
Song, M. M., Zeng, L. L., and Hong, Z. S. (2017). “Pore fluid salinity effects on physicochemical-compressive behaviour of reconstituted marine clays”. Applied Clay Science, 146, 270–277.
Sridharan, A., and Venkatappa Rao, G. (1975). “Mechanisms controlling the liquid limit of clays”. In Proceedings of the Istanbul Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 65–74.
Sridharan, A., Rao, S. M., and Murthy, N. S. (1988). “Liquid limit of kaolinitic soils”. Geotechnique, 38(2), 191–198.
Sridharan, A. (1991). “Engineering behavior of fine-grained soils: a fundamental approach”. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 21(1), 1–136.
Sridharan, A., El-Shafei, A., and Miura, N. (2002). “Mechanisms controlling the undrained strength behavior of remolded Ariake marine clays”. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 20(1), 21–50.
Suarez, D. L. (2001). “Sodic soil reclamation: Modelling and field study”. Soil Research, 39(6), 1225–1246.
Sumner, M. E., and Miller, W. P. (1996). “Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients”. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods, 5, 1201–1229.
Tanji, K. K. (1990). Agricultural salinity assessment and management. In American Society of Civil Engineers (Vol. 54, pp. 413–415).
Tiwari, B., Tuladhar, G. R., and Marui, H. (2005). “Variation in residual shear strength of the soil with the salinity of pore fluid”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering, 131(12), 1445–1456.
Ying, Z., Cui, Y. J., Duc, M., Benahmed, N., Bessaies-Bey, H., and Chen, B. (2021). “Salinity effect on the liquid limit of soils”. Acta Geotechnica, 16(4), 1101–1111.
Yukselen-Aksoy, Y., Kaya, A., and Ören, A. H. (2008). “Seawater effect on consistency limits and compressibility characteristics of clays”. Engineering Geology, 102(1-2), 54–61.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Published online: Mar 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.