Development of Cation Exchange Processes in Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Publication: Geo-Congress 2023
ABSTRACT
An investigation was conducted to systematically analyze the cation exchange characteristics of a conventional GCL as a function of time and concentration of hydration liquid under typical laboratory conditions. GCL specimens were hydrated using DI water and 2 mM, 50 mM, and 200 mM CaCl2 solutions for 4 and 8 h, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days. Significant and rapid variations occurred in the amount and relative proportions of the bound cations in the exchange complex of the bentonite for the relatively high concentration solutions (50 mM and 200 mM CaCl2). The exchange complex was relatively unaffected in the tests with DI water and 2 mM CaCl2 solution. The highest changes occurred in the Na+ and Ca2+ fractions with relatively low changes in K+ and Mg2+. The majority of the exchange processes were completed within days (approximately ≤8 days) at the high concentration hydration conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
ASTM. ASTM D5887. (2022). Standard Test Method for Measurement of Index Flux Through Saturated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. ASTM D5890. (2011). Standard Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. ASTM D5993. (2018). Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geosynthetic Clay Liners. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. ASTM D6766. (2020). Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Potentially Incompatible Aqueous Solutions. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. ASTM D7503. (2018). Standard Test Method for Measuring the Exchange Complex and Cation Exchange Capacity of Inorganic Fine-Grained Soils. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
Benson, C. H., Albright, W., Fratta, D., Tinjum, J., Kucukkirca, I. E., Lee, S., Scalia, J., Schlicht, P., and Wang, X. (2011). “Engineered Covers for Waste Containment: Changes in Engineering Properties & Implications for Long-Term Performance Assessment.”. Washington, DC: Office of Research, US Nuclear Regulatory Com.
Bradshaw, S. L., and Benson, C. H. (2014). “Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate on Hydraulic Conductivity and Exchange Complex of Geosynthetic Clay Liners,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 140(4): 04013038.
Bradshaw, S. L., Benson, C. H., and Scalia, J. (2013). “Hydration and Cation Exchange during Subgrade Hydration and Effect on Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139(4): 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000793.
Jo, H., Benson, C. H., Shackelford, C. D., Lee, J., and Edil, T. B. (2005). “Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Non-Prehydrated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Permeated with Inorganic Salt Solutions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(4): 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:4(405).
Kolstad, D. C., Benson, C. H., and Edil, T. B. (2004). “Hydraulic Conductivity and Swell of Non-Prehydrated GCLs Permeated with Multispecies Inorganic Solutions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(12): 1236–1249. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1236).
Mitchell, J. K., and Soga, K. (2005). Fundamentals of Soil Behavior - Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
NRC (National Research Council). (2007). Assessment of the Performance of Engineered Waste Containment Barriers. NRC, Washington, DC.
Petrov, R. J., Rowe, R. K., and Quigley, R. M. (1997). “Selected Factors Influencing GCL Hydraulic Conductivity.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(8): 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(683).
Rowe, R. K., and Abdelatty, K. (2012). “Effect of a Calcium-Rich Soil on the Performance of an Overlying GCL.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 138(4): 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000614.
Scalia, J., and Benson, C. H. (2011). “Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Exhumed from Landfill Final Covers with Composite Barriers.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 137 1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000407.
Scalia, J., Benson, C. H., Bohnhoff, G. L., Edil, T. B., and Shackelford, C. D. (2014). “Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Bentonite-Polymer Composite Permeated with Aggressive Inorganic Solutions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 140(3): 04013025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001040.
Tian, K., Likos, W. J., and Benson, C. H. (2019). “Polymer Elution and Hydraulic Conductivity of Bentonite–Polymer Composite Geosynthetic Clay Liners.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 145(10): 04019071. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002097.
USEPA. (2018). Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods, Method 6010B. EPASW-846, USEPA, Washington, DC.
Yesiller, N., Hanson, J. L., Risken, J. L., Benson, C. H., Abichou, T., and Darius, J. B. (2019). “Hydration Fluid and Field Exposure Effects on Moisture-Suction Response of Geosynthetic Clay Liners.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 145(4): 04019010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002011.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Geo-Congress 2023
Pages: 162 - 170
History
Published online: Mar 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.