Chapter
Jan 5, 2023

Solar Power Satellites—Rotary Joints, Magnetrons, and All—From Lunar Resources?

Publication: Earth and Space 2022

ABSTRACT

We explore the notion of constructing SPS from lunar resources. We review several aspects of SPS design and determine that two core components that will be essential to SPS are the magnetron and the rotary joint. The magnetron is a vacuum tube device that may be constructed from lunar resources—a CaO-coated tungsten cathode, Ni control grid and anode, fused silica glass tube with elements of the electric motor. The rotary joint is a DC electric motor comprising hard and soft magnetic materials and wire coils which may be manufactured from AlNiCo alloy, ferrites, and kovar wiring respectively which can be sourced from lunar material. The DC electric motor has been successfully 3D printed while the vacuum tube magnetron has yet to be.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.

REFERENCES

Arya M, Lee N, Pellegrino S (2016) “Ultralightweight structures for space solar power satellites” Proc AIAA Space Structures Conf/IAA Tech Forum, San Diego, CA
Badawy A, McInnes C (2008) “On-orbit assembly using superquadratic potential fields” J Guidance Control & Dynamics 31 (1), 30–43
Baiden G, Grenier L, Blair B (2010) “Lunar underground mining and construction: a terrestrial vision enabling space exploration and commerce” Proc 4th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum & Aerospace Exposition, Orlando, FL
Baxter J, Burke E, Garibaldi J, Norman M (2009) “Shared potential fields and their place in a multi-robot co-ordination taxonomy” Robotics & Autonomous Systems 57, 1048–1055
Blake C, Misra A (2011) “Closed loop control of satellite formations using a quasi-rigid body formulation” J Astronautical Sciences 58 (2), 221–240
Block, J, Straubel M, Wiedemann M (2011) “Ultralight deployable booms for solar sails and other large gossamer structures in space” Acta Astronautica 68, 984–992
Brown W (1984) “History of microwave transmission by radio waves” IEEE Trans Microwave Theory & Techniques 32 (9), 1230–1242
Cheng Z, Hou X, Zhang X, Zhiu L, Guo J, Song C (2016) “In-orbit assembly mission for the space solar power station” Acta Astronautica 129, 299–308
Criswell D (1996) “Lunar-solar power system” IEEE Potentials (Apr/May), 4–7
Dessanti B, Komerath N, Shah S (2013) “Design of a gigawatt space solar power satellite using optical concentrator system” Proc IEEE Aerospace Conf, Big Sky, MT
Dickinson R (2013) “Power in the sky” IEEE Microwave Magazine (Mar/Apr), 36–47
Ellery A (2000) An Introduction to Space Robotics, Praxis-Springer Publishers, Chichester, UK
Ellery A (2004) “An engineering approach to the dynamic control of space robotic on-orbit servicers” Proc Inst Mechanical Engineers G 218, 79–98
Ellery A (2016) “Are self-replicating machines feasible?” AIAA J Spacecraft & Rockets 53 (2), 317–327
Ellery A (2016) “Solar power satellites for clean energy enabled through disruptive technologies” Proc 23rd World Energy Congress (Award Winning Papers), Istanbul, Turkey, 133–147
Ellery A (2016) Planetary Rovers, Praxis-Springer Publishers, Chichester, UK
Ellery A (2019) “Tutorial review on space manipulators for space debris mitigation” Robotics 8 (2), 8020034
Ellery A (2020) “Tutorial review of bio-inspired approaches to robotic manipulation for space debris salvage” Biomimetics J 5 (2), E19
Ellery A (2021) “Generating and storing power on the Moon using in-situ resources” Proc IMechE J Aerospace Engineering DOI:
Foust R, Lupu S, Nakka Y, Chung S-J, Hadaegh F (2020) “Autonomous in-orbit satellite assembly from a modular heterogenous swarm” Acta Astronautica 169, 191–205
Gazi V (2005) “Swarm aggregations using artificial potentials and sliding mode control” IEEE Trans Robotics 21 (6), 1208–1214
Gdoutis E, Leclerc C, Royer F, Kelzenberg M, Warmann E, Espinet-Gonzalez P, Vaidya N, Bohn F, Abiri B, Hashemi M, Gal-Katziri M, Fikes A, Atwater H, Hajimiri A, Pellegrino S (2018) “Lightweight tile structure integrating photovoltaic conversion and RF power transfer for space solar power applications” Proc AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conf, AIAA 2018–2022
General Dynamics Convair Division (1979) “Lunar resources utilization for space construction” NASA-NAS9-15560 Final Report GDC-ASP79-001 Executive Summary
Glaser P (1968) “Power from the sun: its future” Science 162, 857–861
Glaser P (1979) “Earth benefits of solar power satellites” Space Congress Proc, session 5, paper 3
Glaser P (1992) “Overview of the solar power satellite option” IEEE Trans Microwave Theory & Techniques 40 (6), 1230–1238
Goel A, Lee N, Pellegrino S (2017) “Trajectory design of formation flying constellation for space-based solar power” Proc IEEE Aerospace Conf, 7943711
Hedgepath J, Miller R (1987) “Structural concepts for large solar concentrators” NASA CR-4075
Ho C, Wang C, Angkasa K, Gritton K (2004) “Estimation of a microwave power margin losses due to Earth’s atmosphere and weather in the frequency range of 3-30 GHz” JPL Report D-27879
Huang W, Zhang B, Chen X, Huang K, Liu C (2013) “Study on an S-band rectenna array for wireless microwave power transmission” Progress in Electromagnetics Research 135, 747–758
Iacopino C, Palmer P, Policella N, Donati A, Brewer A (2014) “How ants can manage your satellites” Acta Futura 9, 59–72
Izojiri S, Shimamura K (2018) “Wireless power transfer via subterahertz wave” Applied Sciences 8, 2653
Jaffe P, Bar-Cohen A, Duncan K, Garretson P, Mankins J, McSpadden J, Potter S, Sundberg E, Thampan T (2017) “Concepts for near-term provision pf power via space solar to remote areas” Proc 68th Int Astronautics Congress, Adelaide, Australia, IAC-17-C3.1.6
Jaffe P, Hodkin J, Harrington F, Person C, Nurnberger M, Mguyen B, LaCava S, Scheinman D, Stewart G, Han A, Gettwer E, Rhoades D (2014) “Sandwich module prototype progress for space solar power” Acta Astronautica 94, 662–671
Kim D, Pathania V, Park S, Choi J, Kim J-S, Han S-T (2019) “Noise suppression of a 2.45 GHz magnetron for wireless power transmission” Proc IEEE Int Vacuum Electronics Conf, 8744903
Koert P, Cha J (1992) “Millimeter wave technology for space power beaming” IEEE Trans Microwave Theory & Techniques 40 (6), 1251–1258
Landis G (1997) “Supersynchronous solar power satellite” Proc SPS 97 Conf: Space & Electric Power for Humanity, Montreal, QC, 327–328
Lee N, Backes P, Burdick J, Pellegrino S, Fuller C, Hogstrom K, Kennedy B, Kim J, Mukherjee R, Seubert C, Wu Y-H (2016) “Architecture for in-space robotic assembly of a modular space telescope” J Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments & Systems 2 (4), 041207
Li W-J, Cheng D-Y, Liu X-G, Wang Y-B, Shi W-H, Tang Z-X, Gao F, Zeng F-M, Chai H-Y, Luo W-B, Cong Q, Gao Z-L (2019) “On-orbit service (OOS) of spacecraft: a review of engineering developments” Progress in Aerospace Sciences 108 (Jul), 32–120
Lin J (2001) “Health effects: space solar power stations, wireless power transmissions and biological implications” IEEE Microwave Magazine (Mar), 36–42
Livshits P, Dikhtyar V, Inberg A, Shahadi A, Jerby E (2011) “Local doping of silicon by a point-contact microwave applicator” Microelectronic Engineering 88, 2831–2836
Lovsas M, Znamenackova I, Zubrik A, Kovacova M, Dolinka S (2011) “Application of microwave energy in mineral processing – a review” Acta Montanistica Slovaca 16 (2), 137–148
Lu Y, Guo Y, Dong Z (2010) “Multiagent flocking with formation in a constrained environment” J Control Theory Applications 8 (2), 151–159
Lynch B, Jiang X-X, Ellery A, Nitzsche F (2016) “Characterisation, modelling and control of NiTi shape memory alloy based on electrical resistance feedback” J Intelligent Material Systems & Structures DOI:
Mankins J (2001) “Space solar power: an assessment of challenges and progress” J Aerospace Engineering (Apr), 46–51
Mankins J (2002) “Technical overview of the SunTower solar power satellite concept” Acta Astronautica 50 (6), 369–377
Mankins J (2003) “Fresh look at space solar power: new architectures, concepts and technologies” Proc IAF, IAF-97-R.2.03
Massa A, Oliveri G, Viani F, Rocca P (2013) “Array designs for long-distance wireless power transmission: state-of-the-art and innovative solutions” Proc IEEE 101 (6), 1664–1481
McQuade F, Ward R, McInnes C (2003) “Autonomous configuration of satellite formations using generic potential functions” Proc 3rd Int Workshop Satellite Constellations & Formation Flying
McSpadden J, Mankins J (2002) “Space solar power programs and microwave wireless power transmission” IEEE Microwave Magazine (Dec), 46–57
Meek T, Vaniman D, Cocks F, Wright R (1985) “Microwave processing of lunar materials: potential applications” in Lunar Bases & Space Activities of the 21st Century (ed. Mendell W), Lunar & Planetary Institute, 479–486
Meir Y, Jerby E (2012) “Microwave induced breakdown spectroscopy for material identification using Boltzmann-plot super-resolution algorithm” Proc 8th Int Workshop on Microwave Discharges: Fundamentals & Applications, 227–230
Nakamura T, Smith B (2010) “Solar thermal power system for lunar ISRU applications: result of ISRU analogue test, Mauna Kea, HI” Proc AIAA Space Conf & Exposition, Anaheim, CA, AIAA 2010-0902
Naqvi H, Lim S (2018) “Review of recent phased arrays for millimetre wave wireless communication” Sensors 18, 3194
Nechyba M, Xu Y (1995) “Human-robot cooperation in space: SM2 for new space station structure” IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine (Dec), 4–11
O’Neill G (1976) High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, William Morrow & Co
Podmore H, Lee R (2015) “Increasing solar cell power production on micro and nano satellites using sub-wavelength gratings” IEEE Aerospace Conf, 7118884
Polshettiwar V, Nadagouda M, Varma R (2009) “Microwave-assisted chemistry: a rapid and sustainable route to synthesis of organics and nanomaterials” Australian J Chemistry 62, 16–26
Popp D (2001) “Effect of new technology on energy consumption” Resources & Energy Economics 23 (3), 215–239
Puig L, Barton A. Rando N (2010) “Review on large deployable structurs for astrophysics missions” Acta Astronautica 67, 12–26
Rabl A (1976) “Comparison of solar concentrators” Solar Energy 18 (2-4), 93–111
Reed K, Willenberg H (2009) “Early commercial demonstration of space solar power using ultralightweight arrays” Acta Astronautica 65, 1250–1260
Ren W, Beard R (2004) “Decentralised scheme for spacecraft formation flying via the virtual structure approach” J Guidance Control & Dynamics 27 (1), 73–82
Revenry S, Spencer D (2019) “Establishment and control of spacecraft formations using artificial potential fields” Acta Astronautica 162, 314–326
Rodenbeck R, Jaffe P, Strassner B, Hausgen P, McSpadden J, Kazemi H, Shinohara N, Tierney B, DePuma C, Self A (2020) “Microwave and millimeter wave power beaming” IEEE J Microwaves 1 (1), 229–259
Rowley J, Neudecker J (1985) “In-situ rock melting applied to lunar base constriction and for exploration drilling and coring on the Moon” in Lunar Bases & Space Activities of the 21st Century (ed. Mendell W), Lunar & Planetary Institute, 465–477
Sakamoto H, Natori M, Kadonishi S, Satou Y, Shirasawa Y, Okuizumi N, Mori O, Furuya H, Kuma M (2014) “Folding patterns of planar gossamer space structures consisting of membranes and booms” Acta Astronautica 94, 34–41
Salazar F, Winter O (2017) “Solar power satellite system in formation on a common geostationary orbit” IOP J Physics: Conf Series 911, 012006
Santiago-Prowald J, Baier H (2013) “Advances in deployable structures and surfaces for large apertures in space” CEAS Space J 5, 89–115
Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Maki K-I (2013) “Microwave power transmission technologies for solar power satellites” Proc IEEE 101 (6), 1438–1447
Saunders C, Lobb D, Sweeting M, Gao Y (2017) “Building large telescopes in orbit using small satellites” Acta Astronautica 141, 183–195
Scharf D, Keim J, Hadaegh F (2010) “Flight-like ground demonstrations of precision maneouvres for spacecraft formations – part 1” IEEE Systems J 4 (1), 84–95
Sebolt W (2004) “Space and Earth-based solar power for the growing energy needs of future generations” Acta Astronautica 55, 389–399
Shen F, Rong S, Zhang H, Peng F, Cui N (2016) “Correction and adjusting for the deformation on solar sail” CEAS Space J 8, 315–322
Shinohara N (2018) “Phase-controlled magnetron technology for wireless power transfer” Proc 31st IEEE Int Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conf, 8520104
Siegel P, Fung A, Manohara H, Xu J, Chang B (2001) “Nanoklystron: a monolithic tube approach to THz power generation” Proc 12th Int Symp Space Terahertz Technology, 81–90
Space Research Associates Inc (1985) “Solar power satellite built of lunar materials” Space Studies Institute Final Report, Princeton, NJ
Sproewitz T, Banik U, Grundmann J-T, Haack F, Hillebrandt M, Martens H, Meyer S, Reershemius S, Reininghaus N, Sasakl K, Seefeldt P, Sergeev O, Spietz P, Sznajder M, Toth N, Vehse M, Wippermann T, Zander M (2020) “Concept for a Gossamer solar power array using thin-film photovoltaics” CEAS Space J 12, 125–135
Srivastava V, Lim S, Anand M (2016) “Microwave processing of lunar soil for supporting longer-term surface exploration on the Moon” Space Policy 37, 92–96
Staritz P, Skaff S, Urmson C, Whittaker W (2001) “Skyworker: a robot for assembly, inspection and maintenance of large scale orbital facilities” Proc IEEE Int Conf Robotics & Automation, 4180–4185
Stark L (1974) “Microwave theory of phased array antennas – a review” Proc IEEE 62 (12), 1661–1701
Strassner B, Chang K (2013) “Microwave power transmission: historical milestones and system components” Proc IEEE 101 (6), 1379–1396
Sudhakar K (2020) “Space solar power: an overview” Int J Ambient Energy 41 (5), 600–607
Tajmar M, Jang B (2013) “New materials and processes for field emission ion and electron emitters” CEAS Space J 4, 47–54
Taylor L, Taylor D-H (2007) “Unique properties of lunar soil lead to unexpected ISRU discoveries” Proc 9th Int Conf Exloration & Utilisation of the Moon
Thiebaut L, Cowley A (2019) “Microwave processing of regolith – a 1D printing cavity for enabling lunar construction technology” Proc 8th European Conf Aeronautics & Space Sciences, EUCASS2019-917
Thoemel J, van Dam T (2021) “Autonomous formation flight using solar radiation pressure” CEAS Space J 13, 555–566
Underwood C, Pellegrino S, Lappas V, Bridges C, Baker J (2015) “Using cubesat/micro-satellite technology to demonstrate the autonomous assembly of a reconfigurable space telescope” Acta Astronautica 114, 112–122
Whittaker W, Starittz P, Ambrose R, Kennedy B, Fredrickson S, Parrosh J, Urmson C (2001) “Robotic assembly of space solar power facilities” ASCE J Aerospace Engineering 14 (2), 59–64
Wu S, Zhang K, Peng H, Wu Z, Radice G (2016) “Robust optimal sun-pointing control of a large solar power satellite” Acta Astronautica 127, 226–234
Yang B, Mitani T, Shinohara N (2019) “Injection-locked CW magnetron for a wirelessly-powered TV” Proc Int Vacuum Electronics Conf, 8745010
Yang C, Hou X, Wang L (2017) “Thermal design, analysis and comparison on three concepts of space solar power satellite” Acta Astronautica 137, 382–402

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Earth and Space 2022
Earth and Space 2022
Pages: 773 - 788

History

Published online: Jan 5, 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Paper
$35.00
Add to cart
Buy E-book
$164.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Paper
$35.00
Add to cart
Buy E-book
$164.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share