Real-Time Monitoring and Controlling of Water Quality in Water Distribution Networks Based on Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Publication: World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022
ABSTRACT
Guaranteeing the high-quality of water in water distribution networks (WDSs) is a priority when it comes to ensuring public health. Since the majority of German water utilities (and also other EU countries) do not chlorinate, controlling of nutrients in WDSs such as assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and monitoring of microbiological activities is indispensable. Conventional methods to characterize microbiological activity and dissolved organic matter are time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study presents data on flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy as leading-edge technologies for real-time analysis of drinking water quality in WDS. Flow cytometry is a sensitive method which can be applied in online modus for accurate detection of bacterial cell numbers. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy is a rapid and quantitative technique for detailed characterization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) including fractions of natural organic matter (NOM). The integration of both techniques is promising for real-time water quality analysis and as a supporting tool for quality control. In the initial step of this research, an experimental laboratory setup of simultaneous analysis is developed. Thus, the goal is to achieve knowledge about possible relations between water quality parameters, more precisely bacterial regrowth potential and the character of dissolved organic constituents. In continuous measurements, the initial state of microbiological growth is to be determined based on flow cytometric data. Due to fluorescence spectroscopy data the microbiological regrowth potential will be predicted. This will be achieved by online detecting of certain organic fractions of the DOC which can be utilized as nutrients by present bacteria. The overall project goal is the establishing of an interface between monitoring parameters and water quality simulation models for the WDSs. First promising results show the successful utilization of adapted AOC as regrowth potential parameter, which can be used for water quality simulations in a WDS.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Buysschaert, B., Vermijs, L., Naka, A., Boon, N., and De Gusseme, B. (2018). Online flow cytometric monitoring of microbial water quality in a full-scale water treatment plant. Npj Clean Water, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-018-0017-7.
Camper, A. K., Brastrup, K., Sandvig, A., Clement, J., Spencer, C., and Capuzzi, A. J. (2003). Effect of distribution system materials on bacterial regrowth. Journal/American Water Works Association, 95(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1551-8833.2003.TB10412.X/FORMAT/PDF/OEBPS/PAGES/5.PAGE.XHTML.
Cao, H., Schuster, J., Kadinski, L., Abhijith, G. R., Ernst, M., Ostfeld, A., and Li, P. (2022). Optimal control of chlorine concentration in water distribution system. Submitted to: EWRI Proceedings 2022.
Carstea, E. M., Popa, C. L., Baker, A., and Bridgeman, J. (2020). In situ fluorescence measurements of dissolved organic matter: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 699, 134361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134361.
Chen, W., Westerhoff, P., Leenheer, J. A., and Booksh, K. (2003). Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Regional Integration to Quantify Spectra for Dissolved Organic Matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(24), 5701–5710. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034354c.
Coble, P. G., Spencer, R. G. M., Baker, A., and Reynolds, D. M. (2014). Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence. In Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139045452.006.
El-Chakhtoura, J., Prest, E., Saikaly, P., van Loosdrecht, M., Hammes, F., and Vrouwenvelder, H. (2015). Dynamics of bacterial communities before and after distribution in a full-scale drinking water network. Water Research, 74, 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2015.02.015.
Hamburg University of Technology. (2020). MoDiCon - Online Monitoring and Digital Control in drinking water distribution systems. https://www.tuhh.de/wwv/modicon/home.html.
Hammes, F. A., and Egli, T. (2005). New method for assimilable organic carbon determination using flow-cytometric enumeration and a natural microbial consortium as inoculum. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(9), 3289–3294. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048277c.
Hammes, F., Berger, C., Köster, O., and Egli, T. (2010). Assessing biological stability of drinking water without disinfectant residuals in a full-scale water supply system. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA, 59(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2010.052.
Heibati, M., Stedmon, C. A., Stenroth, K., Rauch, S., Toljander, J., Säve-Söderbergh, M., and Murphy, K. R. (2017a). Assessment of drinking water quality at the tap using fluorescence spectroscopy. Water Research, 125, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.020.
Heibati, M., Stedmon, C. A., Stenroth, K., Rauch, S., Toljander, J., Säve-Söderbergh, M., and Murphy, K. R. (2017b). Assessment of drinking water quality at the tap using fluorescence spectroscopy. Water Research, 125, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2017.08.020.
Hendrickson, O. D., Nikitushkin, V. D., Zherdev, A. V., and Dzantiev, B. B. (2019). Lectin-based detection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by flow cytometry. Archives of Microbiology, 201(3), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1613-0.
Johnstone, D. W., Sanchez, N. P., and Miller, C. M. (2009). Parallel Factor Analysis of Excitation–Emission Matrices to Assess Drinking Water Disinfection Byproduct Formation During a Peak Formation Period. Https://Home.Liebertpub.Com/Ees, 26(10), 1551–1559. https://doi.org/10.1089/EES.2009.0139.
Kadinski, L., Schuster, J., Abhijith, G. R., Hao, C., Pu, L., Ernst, M., and Ostfeld, A. (2022). Establishing an experimental and simulation interface for online monitoring and modelling of bacterial growth in water distribution systems. Submitted to: EWRI Proceedings 2022.
van der Kooij, D. (2003). Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) in Treated Water: Determination and Significance. Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471263397.ENV175.
Korshin, G. V., Sgroi, M., and Ratnaweera, H. (2018). Spectroscopic surrogates for real time monitoring of water quality in wastewater treatment and water reuse. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 2, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.003.
Losen, M., Frölich, B., Pohl, M., and Büchs, J. (2004). Effect of oxygen limitation and medium composition on Escherichia coli fermentation in shake-flask cultures. Biotechnology Progress, 20(4), 1062–1068. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp034282t.
Safford, H. R., and Bischel, H. N. (2019). Flow cytometry applications in water treatment, distribution, and reuse: A review. In Water Research (Vol. 151, pp. 110–133). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.016.
Shutova, Y., Baker, A., Bridgeman, J., and Henderson, R. K. (2014). Spectroscopic characterisation of dissolved organic matter changes in drinking water treatment: From PARAFAC analysis to online monitoring wavelengths. Water Research, 54, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2014.01.053.
Smith, A., Kaczmar, A., Bamford, R. A., Smith, C., Frustaci, S., Kovacs-Simon, A., O’Neill, P., Moore, K., Paszkiewicz, K., Titball, R. W., and Pagliara, S. (2018). The culture environment influences both gene regulation and phenotypic heterogeneity in Escherichia coli. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(AUG), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01739.
Van Nevel, S., Buysschaert, B., De Roy, K., De Gusseme, B., Clement, L., and Boon, N. (2017). Flow cytometry for immediate follow-up of drinking water networks after maintenance. Water Research, 111, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.12.040.
WHO. (2014). Water safety in distribution systems. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204422/9789241548892_eng.pdf.
Yang, L., Hur, J., and Zhuang, W. (2015). Occurrence and behaviors of fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC components in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems and their applications: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2015 22:9, 22(9), 6500–6510. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-015-4214-3.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022
Pages: 1155 - 1167
History
Published online: Jun 2, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.