Computational Evaluation of the Effect of Air Void Content on the Mechanical Properties of 2D Permeable Friction Courses (PFC)
Publication: Airfield and Highway Pavements 2021
ABSTRACT
This work uses computational mechanics modeling to study the influence of the air void (AV) content in the mechanical response of permeable friction courses (PFC). Multiple geometries representing realistic microstructures of 10 × 10 cm PFC specimen were randomly generated using gravimetric techniques through discrete element (DE) modeling. The target AV content of these microstructures was 15%, 20%, and 25%. The dynamic modulus of the PFCs was quantified through finite element (FE) techniques using the commercial software Abaqus. The results corroborated that PFCs with higher AV values—which are promoted by agencies in order to guarantee high permeability—have lower stiffness, weaker internal microstructures and, consequently, they are expected to have durability issues.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Abaqus, V. (2014). Abaqus Standard and Abaqus Documentation for Version 6.14. Dassault Systemes Simulia Corporation, 651, 2-6. Providence, RI.
Adam, V., and Shah, S. C. (1974). Evaluation of Open-Graded Plant Mix Seal Surfaces for Correction of Slippery Pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 523, 88–96.
Alfonso, M. L., Dinis-Almeida, M., and Fael, C. S. (2017). Study of the porous asphalt performance with cellulosic fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 104–111.
Alvarez, A. E., Epps-Martin, A., and Estakhri, C. (2011). A review of mix design and evaluation research for permeable friction course mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 25(4), 1159–1166.
Alvarez, A. E., Fernandez, E. M., Epps Martin, A., Reyes, O. J., and Simate, G. S. (2012). Comparison of permeable friction course mixtures fabricated using asphalt rubber and performance-grade asphalt binders. Construction and Building Materials, 28, 427–436.
Alvarez, A. E., Mora, J. C., and Espinosa, L. V. (2018). Quantification of stone-on-stone contact in permeable friction course mixtures based on image analysis. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 462–471.
Arámbula-Mercado, E., Caro, S., Rivera, C. A., Karki, P., Sánchez-Silva, M., and Park, E. S. (2019). Evaluation of FC-5 with PG 76-22 HP to Reduce Raveling. Texas A&M Transportation Institute and Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia,.
Arámbula-Mercado, E., Hill, R. A., Caro, S., Manrique, L., Park, E. S., and Fernando, E. (2016). Understanding Mechanisms of Raveling to Extend Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) Service Life. Texas A&M Transportation Institute and Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia,.
Bendtsen, H., and Larson, L. (1999). Noise-Reducing Pavements for Urban Roads. Nordic Road & Transport Research, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), 11(3), 6–14.
Blair, B. E. (1955). Physical properties of mine rock (Vol. 5130). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Caro, S., Masad, E., Airey, G., Bhasin, A., and Little, D. (2008). Probabilistic analysis of fracture in asphalt mixtures caused by moisture damage. Transportation Research Record, 2057(1), 28–36.
Castillo, D., Caro, S., Darabi, M., and Masad, E. (2015). Studying the efffect of microstructural properties on the mechanical degradation of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 70–83.
Cooley, L. A., Brown, R., and Watson, D. E. (2000). Evaluation of open-graded friction course mixtures containing cellulose fibers. Transportation Research Record, 1723(1), 19–25.
Cooley, L. A., Brumfield, J. W., Mallick, R. B., Mogawer, W. S., Partl, M., Pulikakos, L., and Hicks, G. (2009). Construction and Maintenance practices for Permeable Friction Courses.
E1876-15, A. (2015). Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration. ASTM International, West Conshohocken PA.
FDOT. (2018). Flexible Pavement Design Manual. In Office of Design, Pavement Management Office: Vol. Document N.
Freitas, E., Pereira, P., de Picado-Santos, L., and Santos, A. (2009). Traffic noise changes due to water on porous and dense asphalt surfaces. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 10, 587–607.
Gu, F., Watson, D., Moore, J., and Tram, N. (2018). Evaluation of the benefits of open graded friction course: Case study. Construction and Building Materials, 189, 131–143.
Hernandez-Saenz, M. A., Caro, S., Arámbula-Mercado, E., and Epps Martin, A. (2016). Mix design, performance and maintenance of Permeable Friction Courses (PFC) in the United States: State of the Art. Construction and Building Materials, 111, 358–367.
Huber, G. (2000). Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course Mixes. In, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
Huddleston, I. J., Zhou, H., and Hicks, R. G. (1991). Performance evaluation of open-graded asphalt concrete mixtures used in Oregon. Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 60, 19–42.
Huurman, M., Mo, L. T., and Woldekidan, M. F. (2010). Porous asphalt ravelling in cold weather conditions. Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 3(3), 110–118.
Jenks, C. W. (2017). Final Report: Performance-Based Mix Design of Porous Friction Course. National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn, AL.
Kandhal, P. (2002). Design, Construction and Maintenance of Open-Graded Asphalt Friction Courses. In, National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA).
Kim, Y. R., Casterona, C., Elwardany, M., Rad, F. Y., Underwood, S., Gundla, A., Gudipudi, P., Farrar, M. J., and Glaser, R. R. (2018). Long-term aging of asphalt mixtures for performance testing and prediction. Transportation Research Board.
Manrique-Sanchez, L., and Caro, S. (2019). Numerical assessment of the structural contribution of porous friction courses (PFC). Construction and Building Materials, 225, 754–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.200.
Manrique-Sanchez, L., Caro, S., Estrada, N., Castillo, D., and Alvarez, A. E. (2020b). Random generation of PFC microstructures through DEM gravimetric methods. Road Materials and Pavement Design, in press: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1860804.
Manrique-Sanchez, Laura, Caro, S., and Arámbula-Mercado, E. (2018). Numerical modelling of ravelling in porous friction courses (PFC). Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(3), 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1269661.
Manrique-Sanchez, Laura, Caro, S., and Kim, Y.-R. (2020a). Coupled effects of ageing and moisture on the fracture properties of Permeable Friction Courses (PFC). International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 1–13.
Masad, E., Zollinger, C., Bulut, R., Little, D., and Lytton, R. (2006). Characterization of HMA moisture damage using surface energy and fracture properties. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 75, 713–754.
Miradi, M., Molenaar, A. A. A., and Van de Ven, M. F. C. (2009). Performance modelling of porous asphalt concrete using artificial intelligence. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 10(1), 263–280.
Molenaar, J. M. M., and Molenaar, A. A. A. (2000). An Investigation into the Contribution of the Bituminous Binder to the Resistance to Raveling of Porous Asphalt. 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 500–508.
Nicholls, J. C., and Carswell, I. G. (2001). The Design of Porous Asphalt Mixtures to Performance-Related Criteria.
Putman, B. J., and Kline, L. C. (2012). Comparison of mix design methods for porous asphalt mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering (ASCE), 24(11), 1359–1367.
Zhang, Y., Ma, T., Ding, X., Chen, T., Huang, X., and Xu, G. (2018). Impacts of air-void structures on the rutting tests of asphalt concrete based on discretized emulation. Construction and Building Materials, 166, 334–344.
Zhang, Yuan, van de Ven, M., Molenaar, A. A. A., and Wu, S. P. (2016). Preventive maintenance of porous asphalt concrete using surface treatment technology. Materials and Design, 262–272.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Airfield and Highway Pavements 2021
Pages: 184 - 195
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jun 4, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.