World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019
An Investigation of Monochloramine Recoveries under Different Mixing Condition
Publication: World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater; Urban Water Resources; and Municipal Water Infrastructure
ABSTRACT
Use of chlorine and ammonia for water disinfection to produce monochloramines as the most favorable disinfection species, faces several challenges. Addition of stoichiometric amount of chlorine and ammonia will not necessarily lead to formation of the target concentration of monochloramine and this is because of the various factors affecting monochloramine formation such as pH, chlorine to nitrogen ratio, temperature, and poor mixing. Inadequate mixing of chlorine and ammonia in water pipelines in direct injection system, yields in reduction of disinfection efficiency, and bacterial growth in distribution systems. The goal of current research is to examine the effect of mixing on monochloramine formation in the main stream of a pipeline. In this study a straight section of a 4 inch pipe is built with the length of 120 ft and water flow-rates ranging from 40 GPM to 317 GPM pass through the pipe. NaCl salt is added to pipeline and coefficient of variation (COV) of the conductivity of water is used, to measure sufficient mixing in the pipe to define appropriate sampling distance. Afterwards, chlorine and ammonia are injected at the upstream of the pipeline. There are two sources of chlorine with concentrations of 6.5 g/L and 86.0 g/L, to analyze effect of dilution ratios. Various injection velocities are tested and different flow rates are investigated to evaluate the effect of turbulence on chemical mixing for both salt and chemical addition. The concentration of monochloramine and dichloramine as the inorganic chloramine species is monitored at the 76 ft downstream of the injection points within 30 min and 24 hr of sampling. The results are compared with the expected monochloramine formation from the stoichiometric amount and monochloramine recovery under well mixed condition. Results show that monochloramine recoveries are not as high as the condition with adequate mixing, however, increase in the flow rate improves mixing and thus the recoveries.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater; Urban Water Resources; and Municipal Water Infrastructure
Pages: 160 - 172
Editors: Gregory F. Scott and William Hamilton, Ph.D.
ISBN (Online): 978-0-7844-8236-0
Copyright
© 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: May 16, 2019
Published in print: May 16, 2019
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