Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables.
adhesive anchors114–115, 127–128
exposure to fire24
large128–129
materials for bonded115
parallel standard for4
qualification provisions for119
temperature rise and bond resistance24
torque-controlled115–116
f.
See also post-installed anchor installation
American Concrete Institute (ACI)1, 18–19
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)1, 19
American Petroleum Institute (API)19
anchor183
adhesive anchors114–115, 127–128
capsule anchors115, 118, 127
concrete breakout strength40–41, 41
fconfiguration and dimensions28
configuration of cast-in-place28–29
design considerations39–40
details and minimum dimensions35, 36
fductility41–42, 49
expansion109–110
grouted127
grouted headed113–114
finstallation problems125
large adhesive anchors128–129
mechanical anchors126–127
post-installed16–17
projection134–137
rebar83–84
screw112, 113
fsleeves30–35
stretching length77
threads per inch79
ttorque-controlled adhesive anchors115–116
fundercut110–111
vertical vessel anchors94–97
welded83.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
anchorage183
Charpy V-notch test22, 23
tcold temperature testing recommendations23
tdimensions29
elevated temperature exposure23
extreme temperature exposure22
fire exposure24
low temperature exposure22
pedestal93
seismic pedestal ties for94
fanchor bolt and rod assemblies11
fabrication14–16
materials for12
t, 13
tnuts14
sleeves14
specifications11
washers14
anchor groups: concrete breakout strength41
ffatigue behavior85
modification factor for39–40
anchor materials11
anchorage exposed to extreme temperatures22–24
anchor bolt and rod assemblies11–16
corrosion17–22
headed studs16
post-installed anchors16–17
shear lugs17
anchor plates3, 102
f, 104
t, 105
tstandards103.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
anchor reinforcement design42
anchor extended into mat43
fanchor reinforcement43–44
load transfer method42
reinforcement methods44–45
shear force54–62
standard hook and hairpin65
t–66
t, 67
t–68
tstrength reduction factor45
strut-and-tie method45–46
supplementary reinforcement43
tables to aid engineers in62
tensile capacity and tensile development length63
t, 64
ttension force46–54
tension transferred to reinforcement45
fto transfer anchor forces45.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
anchor rods11
headed83
materials for13
tnut installation72
with upset threads16
f.
See also tensioning
anchor studs11
materials for12
tattachment183
capsule anchors115, 118, 127.
See also post-installed anchor installation
cartridge: anchor systems127
injection systems115.
See also post-installed anchor installation
cast-in-place anchor: configuration28–29
inspection plan130
installation125–126
cast-in-place anchor design27
anchor plate102–103, 102
f, 104
t, 105
tanchor reinforcement42
CCD Method27–28
configuration and dimensions28–35
constructability considerations98–102
ductile design41–42
for embedded plates83–85
frictional resistance and shear transmission69–70
seismic loads87–98
shear lug design71–72
strength design35–41
tensioning72–82
vibratory loads85–87
CCD Method27–28.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
Charpy V-notch test22, 23t
chip and repair method138f
clamping force75.
See also tensioning
coatings19
cold-applied zinc20
hot-dip and mechanical galvanizing20, 23
insulation and fireproofing21
recommendations21.
See also corrosion
column pedestal anchor design141, 179–180
anchors150
anchor size determining150–151
base plate connection data141
concrete breakout cone156
concrete breakout strength144
concrete pryout strength147
concrete side-face blowout strength145
design assumptions150
design procedure37–39
design steps150
development length153–154
examples141–148, 148–152
factored loads, maximum total148–149
ffriction transmission145–147, 146
fload transfer to vertical rebars152
pedestal data141–143, 142
f, 143
f, 149
pullout resistance of anchor151
pullout strength of anchor145
reinforcing bars150
shear reinforcement design156
side-face blowout resistance152
strut-and-tie method156–161
tension and shear interaction147
tension loading155–156
vertical reinforcing steel amount152–153
compressive force70
concrete breakout strength: of anchors in circular pattern in shear40–41, 41
fof anchors in rectangular pattern in shear40
Concrete Capacity Design (CCD)4, 5, 27–28
concrete failure76.
See also tensioning
constructability considerations98–102, 129
cast-in-place anchor inspection plan130
construction practices and safety considerations131–132
implementation of quality plan129
manufacturer-supplied template132
fongoing inspection and proof loading131
post-installed anchor inspection plan130–131
preinstallation inspection130–131
recommended anchor hole diameters99
t–100
ttolerances for embedments98
t.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
installationcored holes127.
See also post-installed anchor installation
corrosion17
coatings19–21
codes and specifications18–19
environmental conditions18
galvanized and stainless materials18
rates19
-resistant materials17
weathering steel21–22.
See also anchor materials
cut threads15.
See also anchor materials
displacement ductility41
ductile: connection36
design41–42
displacement ductility41
steel elements121.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
ductility41
embedment183
Energy Division Executive Committeexii
epoxy23–24
equivalent lateral force (ELF)95–96
expansion anchors109–110
types111
f.
See also mechanical anchors
fatigue behavior85
field welding70
frictional resistance69–70.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
full-length sleeve30
f.
See also sleeves
Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC)76
grouted anchors127
headed anchors113–114
f.
See also grouted and bonded anchors, post-installed
post-installed anchor installationgrouted and bonded anchors, post-installed113
adhesive anchors114–115
capsule anchors115
cartridge injection systems115
grouted headed anchors113–114
fmaterials for bonded adhesive anchors115
torque-controlled adhesive anchors115–116
f.
See also post-installed anchor
headed anchor rods83.
See also welded anchors
headed stud16
anchors83.
See also anchor materials
welded anchorshigh-cycle fatigue122.
See also post-installed anchor
hollow structural section (HSS)17
horizontal dynamic force, maximum75–76.
See also tensioning
hot-dip galvanizing20, 23, 70.
See also coatings
hydraulic jacking77.
See also tensioning
ICC Evaluation Service (ICC-ES)117, 121
installation125
cast-in-place anchor125–126
constructability considerations129–132
post-installed anchor126–129
repair procedures132–138.
See also repair procedures
International Building Code (IBC)49
large adhesive anchors128–129.
See also post-installed anchor installation
load transfer method42.
See also anchor reinforcement design
maximum horizontal dynamic force75–76.
See also tensioning
mechanical anchors126–127
expansion anchors109–110, 111
fpost-installed109–112
screw anchors112, 113
fundercut anchors110–111.
See also post-installed anchor installation
mechanical galvanizing20, 23.
See also coatings
mechanical jacking77.
See also tensioning
minimum anchorage dimensions29.
See also anchor
minimum required anchor tension75–76.
See also tensioning
multi-jackbolt tensioners (MJTs)77, 78
f.
See also tensioning
nuts14.
See also anchor materials
octagonal pedestal, anchor design for161
factored shear force applied to single anchor162–163
lowest design tensile strength of anchorage167
maximum factored tensile load on single anchor164
strength of anchorage in tension and shear165–167
overconservatism37
partial sleeves30
f.
See also sleeves
pedestal: anchorage93
reinforced concrete93
seismic pedestal ties for anchorage94
fPetrochemical Energy Committeexi.
See also Task Committee
post-installed anchor16–17, 109
adhesive anchors114–115
allowable stress design119
anchor length117
anchor spacing117
capsule anchors115, 118
cartridge injection systems115
concrete quality and condition118
connection and consequences of failure119
considerations in design116
design119
design for high-cycle fatigue122
design of post-installed reinforcing bar connections122–123
ductile steel elements121
ductility of120–121
embedment depth117
expansion anchors109–110, 111
fexposure to various conditions118–119
grouted and bonded anchors113–116
grouted headed anchors113–114
finspection plan130–131
installation conditions118
loading type and direction117
materials for bonded adhesive anchors115
mechanical anchors109–113
post-installed anchor qualification122
required edge distances117
screw anchors112, 113
fseismic loading121–122
strength design119–120
torque-controlled adhesive anchors115–116
ftypes109, 110
fundercut anchors110–111.
See also anchor materials
post-installed anchor installation126
adhesive anchors127–128
capsule anchors127
cartridge anchor systems127
cored holes127
grouted anchors127
large adhesive anchors128–129
mechanical anchors126–127.
See also installation
preset tensile stresses73.
See also tensioning
Process Industry Practices (PIP)xiii, 2
rebar anchors83–84.
See also welded anchors
reinforced concrete pedestals93
relaxation80–82.
See also tensioning
repair procedures132
chip and repair method138
fexcessive anchor projection137
failure to tape pretensioned anchors137–138
inadequate anchor projection134–137
interference with reinforcement138
material property issues137
misalignment issues133
welding of anchor extension135
f, 136
fwelding of anchor to base plate134
fwelding of nut to anchor134
f.
See also installation
rolled threads15.
See also anchor materials
screw anchors112, 113
f.
See also mechanical anchors
Seismic Design Category (SDC)38
seismic loads87
anchorage design88
anchorage seismic design considerations97–98
connections designed in accordance with AISC 341–1693
flowchart for seismic design of anchorage89
f–92
floading121–122
minimum stretch length of vertical vessel anchors95
fnonstructural components93
pedestal anchorage93
reinforced concrete pedestals93
seismic design of vertical vessel anchors94–97
seismic pedestal ties for anchorage94
fshear transfer methodology97
f.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
post-installed anchorseismic pedestal ties for anchorage94
fshear: anchors design to resist40
concrete breakout strength41
fshear force54
alternate model for shear loading57–62
anchored reinforcement57
fanchor reinforcement location56–57
bearing of J-shape bar on concrete and conventional stirrup on rebar62
fclosed ties56
fconcrete struts and tension ties for carrying anchor60
fhooks and hairpins for upper two layers61
fhorizontal hairpin55
fshear angles58
fshear reinforcement configurations55
STM without internal ties60
fsurface reinforcement for shear loading59
f.
See also anchor reinforcement design
shear lug pipe section design172
concrete breakout strength of174–178
design data172
nominal bearing strength of174
steel design of178–179
shear lug plate section design71–72, 168
concrete breakout strength170–172
nominal bearing strength of shear lug169–170
shear lugs17, 183
design71.
See also anchor materials
cast-in-place anchor designshot peening16.
See also anchor materials
sleeves14, 30
design considerations35
full-length30
fminimum anchor dimensions31
t–34
tpartial30
f.
See also anchoranchor materials
snug-tight72.
See also tensioning
Special Concentrically Braced Frame (SCBF)88
strength design35
anchorage design of column pedestals37–39
anchor design considerations39–40
concrete breakout strength in rectangular pattern in shear40
concrete breakout strength in shear40–41, 41
fdesigning anchors to resist shear40
ductile connection36
modification factor for anchor groups39–40
overconservatism37.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
strength reduction factor45.
See also anchor reinforcement design
strut-and-tie method (STM)45–46, 57
example156–161
shear loading using57–62
tension loading using52–54, 155–156.
See also anchor reinforcement design
Task Committeexi, xiii
codes and design procedures4–5
future research7–8
objectives and scope1–2
state of research5–7
updates and additions to previous report2–4
tension force46
alternate model for tension loading52–54
concrete breakout49
design for anchor ductility49
location of anchor reinforcement46–49
possible STM for tension loading54
freinforcement design to resist side-face blowout force51
freinforcement for anchor tension resistance47
f, 48
fside-face blowout50–52
spiral reinforcement53
f.
See also anchor reinforcement design
tensioning72
advantages74
alternatives to hydraulic or mechanical jacking78
anchor rod nut installation72
anchor stretching length77
anchor threads per inch79
tclamping force75
concrete failure76
disadvantages74–75
hydraulic jacking77
loss in tension81
tmaximum horizontal dynamic force75–76
mechanical jacking77
minimum required anchor tension75–76
monitoring tension82
multi-jackbolt tensioner78
fpreset tensile stresses73
pretensioning of anchor rods72
relaxation80–82
snug-tight72
stretching length76–77
tensioning methods77–80
tension load75–76
tightening sequence82
ftorque wrench78
turn-of-nut78–79
vessel anchor chair failure76.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
tension load75–76.
See also tensioning
threads15.
See also anchor materials
torque-controlled adhesive anchors115–116
f.
See also grouted and bonded anchors, post-installed
torque wrench78.
See also tensioning
turn-of-nut78–79
undercut anchors110–111.
See also mechanical anchors
upset threads15
anchor rod with upset threads16
f.
See also anchor materials
vertical vessel anchors: minimum stretch length of95
fseismic design of94–97
shear transfer methodology for97
fvessel anchor chair failure76.
See also tensioning
vibratory loads85
fatigue behavior85
effect of preloading anchors on fatigue86
frules for avoiding fatigue failure86–87.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
washers14.
See also anchor materials
weathering steel21–22.
See also corrosion
welded anchors83
examples of design of85
headed anchor rods83
headed stud anchors83
interaction of tensile and shear forces85
rebar anchors83–84
seismic considerations85
shear considerations84–85
tension considerations84.
See also cast-in-place anchor design
welding: of anchor extension135
f, 136
fof anchor to base plate134
fof nut to anchor134
f.
See also repair procedures
zinc coating, cold-applied20.
See also coatings
