Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables.
abbreviations237
acidic soil leachate (ASL)394
acid mine drainage (AMD)424
acoustic cavitation326.
See also sonochemistry
activated sludge (AS)181
active:electrodes70
oxygen72
adsorbent278
commercial397
t, 404
economics397
for heavy metals284
tlow-cost399
t–400
t.
See also adsorption
adsorption:activated carbon columns for279
fadsorption equilibria280
amphoteric ion282
breakthrough points278
chemical precipitation and272–283
comparative studies271, 296
t–299
tcompeting solutes283
desorption281
EEC304–305
electricity consumption303
electrode consumption in EC304
energy and economics comparison302–305
factors affecting281–283
isoelectric point283
Lennard–Jones potential279, 280
fmass loss of electrode303
pH282–283
physical forces279
physisorption279
pore size and surface area281–282
principles of276–280, 281
pros and cons of292
tresidence time and temperature281
SEECP304
solute and solvent properties282
theory279.
See also adsorbent
adsorption modelschemical coagulationchemical precipitationelectro-coagulationadsorption models104–106
isotherm models104, 281
fkinetic form of model105
Langmuir-VOK model105–106
Temkin isotherm105
VOK model104, 105.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
advanced oxidation process (AOP)151, 186, 208, 227, 237, 263, 313, 314
catalytic152
combined electro-coagulation and153
fEAOPs313–316
EC vs.154
pros and cons of151, 208–211, 210
tand related reactions315
tfor wastewater treatment152.
See also electro-coagulation
electro-oxidationadvanced treatment technologies271
aerobic treatment229
agricultural waste398
agricultural wastewater treatment253
advanced oxidation process254
different treatment methods for256
telectrogeneration of strong oxidants254
removal of ammonia and nitrite254–255
treatment categories of254.
See also electro-oxidation in environmental applications
agrofood industrial wastewater225
treatment225–226.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
alternative current (AC)54
aluminum-based coagulants276.
See also coagulants
ammonia376–377
amphoteric ion282
anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)237
anaerobic systems229
analysis of variance (ANOVA)81, 90, 131
anionic species removal222
fluoride222–223
phosphate223.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
anodic oxidation (AO)65, 169, 220, 314
drawback of328
of pharmaceuticals329
t–331
ttraditional328.
See also electro-oxidation
applied current density319
applied electrochemistry65
aquaculture wastewater treatment253
advanced oxidation process254
different treatment methods for256
telectrogeneration of strong oxidants254
removal of ammonia and nitrite254–255
treatment categories254.
See also electro-oxidation in environmental applications
Arrhenius equation121.
See also phenomenological modeling
arsenic219
deprotonation220
EC with microfiltration techniques221
oxidation states219
removal rate102.
See also heavy metal removal
artificial intelligence tools137
artificial neural network (ANN)81, 120
architectures137
EAs142–143
GAs141–142
gradient decent algorithm86
learning process of model85–86
Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm87
model fitting evaluation88
modeling of electro-coagulation using83–84
modeling of electro-oxidation using136–143
modeling studies using93–95
multilayer feedforward networks137–141
neural network137
Newton's method87
optimization of neural network model87–89
optimization techniques141–143
PSO algorithm142
removal of Reactive Black 5 dye94
RSM94, 143
significance of input parameters88–89
standard back-propagation86
structure of neural network85
fsupervised learning process86
topology of84–85
training algorithm86–87
training neural network model86
transfer functions84
assimilable organic carbon (AOC)323
average absolute relative error (AARE)138
1,2-benzopyrone (BP)131
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)152, 186, 237
biodegradation index percentage181.
See also electro-bio system
bioelectrochemical treatments (BETs)431
biofiltrated landfill leachate (BFLL)184–185, 186
biofiltration (BF)15
coagulating agent183
-electro-coagulation coupling182–184.
See also electro-coagulation
biological and electro-coagulation processes184–185
biological oxygen demand (BOD)4, 207, 263, 351, 357, 379
biological processes (BP)14
biorefractory compounds254
bioresistant fraction430
bipolar (BP)228, 414
electrodes288
electrolytic cell1–2
bisphenol-A (BPA)136
black liquor13
boat pressure washing wastewater (BPWW)180, 186
boron-doped diamond (BDD)152, 186, 194, 242, 263, 317, 379, 392, 426
Box–Behnken design (BBD)83, 128, 130, 136
cube plot of three-factor129
fBradley EC cell350.
See also electro-coagulation
breakthrough points278.
See also adsorption
bromoamine acid (BAA)131
Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET)280–281
Butler–Volmer equation122.
See also phenomenological modeling
carbon nanotube (CNT)371, 379, 418
cathode passivation60
cavitation196.
See also sono-electro-oxidation
cellulose ester (CE)401
central composite design (CCD)81, 82, 128, 129, 131–135
cube plot of three-factor129
fcharcoal278
cheese whey wastewater (CWW)226–227, 237.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
chemical coagulation (CC)154, 272, 393
aluminum salts used in290
coalesced colloidal particles302
comparative studies292–294, 294–295, 296
t–299
t, 300–302
EEC304–305
electricity consumption303
electrode consumption in EC304
energy and economics302–305
kinetics of turbidity removal294
fmass loss of electrode303
pro and cons292
tSEECP304
system193.
See also adsorption
chemical precipitationelectro-coagulationchemical energy cost (CEC)305
chemical flocculation351
chemical oxidants220
chemical oxidation313, 384
electro-oxidation vs.321, 323, 395, 396
tchemical oxygen demand (COD)13, 54, 65, 128, 186, 192, 237, 263, 313, 357, 373–374, 379
removal355
chemical precipitation (CP)272
and adsorption272–283
comparative studies271, 296
t–299
tcost contributor in395
EEC304–305
electricity consumption303
electrode consumption in EC304
energy and economics302–305
mass loss of electrode303
principles of272–274
SEECP304.
See also adsorption
chemical coagulationelectro-coagulationchlorination245.
See also pathogen removal
chlortetracycline (CTC)160
clay278
clean energy sources431
coagulants, chemical275
aluminum-based276
commonly used276
cost comparison.393–395, 394
tdosage of293
flocculators274
iron-based276
lime276
media temperature276
mixing274
parameters affecting274–276
pH of system274–275
and pollutant concentration275
for removal of heavy metals277
tvelocity gradient274
waste disposal cost394–395
coagulating reagents272
coagulation42, 418
–flocculation272
parameters and their effects on44
t–45
tprocess steps42, 43
recovery factor and strength factor418.
See also chemical coagulation
electro-coagulation processcoagulation agent:production50–52
reactions and production51
t.
See also electro-coagulation process
coal mine drainage wastewater (CMDW)300
colloidal iron hydroxide197
colloids286–287.
See also electro-coagulation
combined wastewater treatment systems368
combustion process20
commercialization415–418
computational fluid dynamics (CFD)106
conservation of mass106–107
continuity equation106
current and potential distributions107
Nernst–Planck equation107
RANS equation106
uniformity of current distribution107–108.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
conductivity/supporting electrolyte55–56.
See also electro-coagulation
conventional activated sludge (CAS)431
conventional Fenton-based processes201.
See also electro-Fenton (EF) process
conventional physicochemical treatment methods375–376
conventional wastewater treatment79, 191
textile industry waste stream207
conversion process20
copper221–222.
See also heavy metal removal
Corodex industries350.
See also electro-coagulation
cost comparison of oxidation processes383, 404
economics of adsorbents397–401, 399
t–400
t, 401
t, 402
t–403
tEC vs. chemical coagulation393–395
EO plant cost388
tEO vs. chemical oxidation395, 396
tfactors in operating cost388–393
operating cost386–388
principles governing EC and EO processes384–386
coupled ozone-EC system178.
See also ozonation-electro-coagulation
coupled systems for EO-based wastewater treatment368–369
current density (CD)343, 359, 366, 379, 390
dairy industry wastewater18
design of experiment (DoE)128
2.4-dichlorophenoxy-propionic acid (2.4-DP)324
diffusion limited cluster aggregation (DLCA)294
dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs)317
direct anodic oxidation70–71.
See also electro-oxidation
direct current (DC)357
direct oxidation361, 360
fdisinfection245, 246, 249.
See also pathogen removal
disinfection by-products (DBPs)323
dissolved air flotation (DAF)227, 237, 343
dissolved iron:amount of347
concentration in wastewater347
flux in wastewater346
dissolved organic carbon (DOC)17, 323
dissolved organic matter (DOM)185, 186
dissolved organic pollutants191
DLVO theory for interaction energies287
fDoehlert design (DD)128, 130
with two and three factors131
fdomestic waste398
domestic wastewater (DWW)16, 186
double-layer compression phenomenon273
drinking water treatment235
dissolution of iron electrodes235–236
reactions in iron electrode235.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
dye375
-assisting chemicals353
EC and electroperoxidation (EC–EP)16
EC–electroflotation (EC–EF)411
EC–Fe process81
Ecoloclean EC cell352.
See also electro-coagulation
EC-peroxidation (EC-P)175
EfloEC350.
See also electro-coagulation
electrical energy consumption (EEC)57, 75, 303, 304–305.
See also electro-coagulation
electro-bio system180–182.
See also electro-coagulation
electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP)26, 75, 199, 254, 263, 313–314, 362, 430
benefits315–316
heterogeneous photocatalytic325.
See also anodic oxidation
electro-oxidationelectrochemical cell121, 122
processes in127
f.
See also phenomenological modeling
electrochemical kinetics121–123.
See also phenomenological modeling
electrochemically generated oxidants259–260
electrochemical oxidation241
indirect71–74.
See also electro-oxidation
electrochemical peroxidation (ECP)197.
See also electro-oxidation
electrochemical process154, 195
electrochemical treatment230, 384
electro-coagulation (EC)1, 2–3, 33–34, 41, 46
f, 61, 151, 185–186, 217, 263, 283, 341, 356–357, 379, 384, 404, 431–432
advantages of14, 217–218, 227, 292
tand AOPs154, 153
fanode and cathode reactions385
anodic and cathode material effect54–55
and biological treatment180–182
AOPs vs.154
biofiltration-182–184
biological and184–185
cell design418
challenges and recommendations355
chemical coagulation vs.292–294
classification152
coagulant production50–52
coalesced colloidal particles302
color removal by353
combined EC and AOPs153
fcomparative studies182, 271, 294–295, 300–302
conductivity of water289
critical parameters of287
current density289
current density and dissolved metals346
current density and energetic parameters53
current intensity343
design criteria342–344
destabilization of colloids286–287
destabilization of contaminants46
dimensionless scale-up parameters343
dissolved iron in wastewater346, 347
DLVO theory287
fdrawbacks of162, 292
t, 413
EC–Al process81
vs. EC cost comparison383, 404
EEC304–305
electricity consumption303
electrochemistry of283–286
electrode arrangement288–289
electrode consumption in304
electrolytic cell configurations1–2
electronic coagulator41
-electro-oxidation process168–174
energy and economics comparison302–305
experimental features52
Faraday's laws of electrochemistry285
-Fenton process164–168
future research61
green and clean electrochemical technology3
industrial plants of347–353
influence of operation parameters55–59
initial pH289–290
kinetics of turbidity removal294
flogarithmic variant of Williams’ power law342
mass loss of electrode303
metal electrode type287–288
monopolar and bipolar configurations49–50
Nernst Potential286
nomenclature186, 357
operating electro-coagulation (EC) (cont.)conditions and process parameters345–347
operating cost342, 386–387
origins and principles41
oxidation and reduction processes43
ozonation-EC177–180
parameters and their effects on44
t–45
t-peroxidation process175–177
pollutants removed by5
t–12
tpower supply type53, 289
as primary physicochemical treatment4, 13–14
principle and definition of1
principles governing384, 385
pros and cons of59–60
reactor design47–49, 47
freactor types and electrode arrangement344–345
scale-up and economics341–342
as secondary treatment14–15
SEECP304
sono-EC162–164
speciation of aluminum and iron with pH290–291, 291
fand turbidity elimination by353
steps42, 43
stern layer286
surface and interfacial phenomena347
surface charge on organic colloid as function of pH43
ftechnology1, 341
as tertiary treatment15–19
in textile industry384
and TiO2 photo-assisted process154–161
treatment2
treatment efficiencies296
t–299
ttypical EC cell285
fwastewaters and pollutants353–355
water and wastewater treatment1, 2, 42
for water treatment purposes3
zeta potential286.
See also adsorption
chemical coagulationchemical precipitationelectro-oxidationelectro-coagulation and TiO2 photo-assisted process154
effective parameters160–161
electrode material and concentration161
kinetic model156, 160
pH and wavelength impact160–161
photocatalysis process and hybrid technique with EC154–156
photocatalytic process155
reaction mechanism of TiO2/UV system155–156
studies on157
t–159
tUV irradiation method156
in wastewater treatment161.
See also electro-coagulation
electro-coagulation challenges409, 410, 425, 431
cost413–415
cost and environmental impact427–428
reactor design and operation410–413, 426–427
sacrificial electrodes413
toxic by-product formation control427
electro-coagulation/electro-oxidation (EC/EO)168–171, 174
anodic oxidation process169
application in wastewater treatment174
coagulant and oxidant agent efficiency173–174
conductivity effect172
current density171–172
effective factors171–173
electrode materials172–173
kinetic model173
oxidant concentrations171
parasitic reactions169
pH effect172
treatment time172.
See also electro-coagulation
electro-coagulation-Fenton process164–165
comparative studies168
effect of current intensity166–167
effective parameters165–167
effect of H2O2 and Fe ions167
effect of interelectrode distance167
pH effect166
photo-Fenton-electro-coagulation process168.
See also electro-coagulation
electrocoagulation flotation (ECF)230
electro-coagulation future perspectives409, 415, 431
combination with other treatment processes416–417, 421
cost estimation424–425
formation of mixed-valent Fe with different nanoparticles in EC420
ffuel cell and use of renewable energies421–423
improvement for commercialization415–418
interfacial problem415
magnetite nanoparticle419
mathematical model425
metallic nanoparticles419
metal oxide nanoparticles420
nanoclays419
passivation417
performance of fuel cells422
role of nanotechnology418–421
electro-coagulation in environmental applications217, 236–237
agrofood industry wastewater treatment225–226
anionic species removal222–223
cheese whey wastewater226–227
drinking water treatment235–236
heavy metal removal218–222
landfill leachate treatment223–225
laundry wastewater treatment234–235
restaurant wastewater230–231
slaughterhouse wastewater227–229
textile wastewater treatment231–234
electro-coagulation kinetics102
Elovich model104
first-order and second-order103
percentage of fluoride removal103
pseudo first-order kinetic model103
rate of arsenic removal102
simultaneous events in EC102.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
electro-coagulation operating cost386–387
vs. chemical coagulation process393–395, 394
tcurrent density effect390
electrode connection effect390
electrolyte concentration effect389
factors affecting388
feed flow effect391
feed recirculation392
inter-electrode distance effect389
material of electrode390
passivation effect391–392
pollutant concentration effect390
salt concentration effect391
time and voltage variations effect388–389.
See also cost comparison of oxidation processes
electro-coagulation-ozonation (EC-O)186
electro-coagulation-peroxidation (EC-P)175–176, 186
effect of current density176
effective factors176
kinetic model177
treatment time effect176
in wastewater treatment177.
See also electro-coagulation
electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling79, 111–112
adsorption models104–106
using artificial neural networks83–84
computational fluid dynamics106–108
critical factors80–81
EC–Al process81
EC–Fe process81
electro-coagulation kinetics102
elements of EC modeling84–89
elements of statistical modeling89–92
using flotation and settling phenomena110–111
modeling studies using artificial neural networks93–95
modeling studies using RSM95–102
modeling techniques82–83
multiobjective optimization models92–93
percentage effect81
using reaction kinetics108–110
electrode material362–364
electrode passivation412
electrodisinfection66.
See also electro-oxidation
electro-Fenton (EF) process153, 186, 201, 202
f, 232, 314
aim of developing203
conventional Fenton-based processes201
Fenton reaction203
Fenton's reagent generation rate203
mechanism202–204
pros and cons204.
See also electro-oxidation
electroflotation (EF)230
electrolysis/treatment time56–57.
See also electro-coagulation process
electrolytic cells:configurations1–2
technical benefits425
electronic coagulator41
electro-oxidation (EO)19, 65, 151, 186, 191, 212, 263, 313, 316, 379, 384, 404, 432
advanced oxidation processes314–316
vs. AOP208–211, 210
tchallenges and perspectives211–212
chemical oxidation and321, 323
cost components388
tcurrent density319
developed models for EO119
direct effect of20–21
vs. EC cost comparison383, 404
electrochemical water treatment23
electrochemical-peroxidation process197
electrode chemisorption and/or physisorption318
telectrode material317–319
electro-Fenton process201–204, 202
felectro-peroxone process199–201, 200
fenergy and economics comparison328
EO with BDD electrode efficiencies322
tfiltration process204–205
future prospects328, 332
indirect effect of21–23
integration into WWTPs23–26
kinetic analysis of143–144
leachate concentrates25
membrane technology with electrochemical process205–208
MO/M redox couple317
modeling techniques119
operating cost for387–388
organic pollutants319–320
oxidants316, 319
oxidation model317
vs. oxidation processes313
ozonation vs.323–325
pH320
photocatalysis process vs.325, 326
tpollutant degradation317
pollutants removed by27
t–29
tof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons21
as pretreatment26, 30–32
principle and definition of19
principles governing384, 385–386
pros and cons208–211, 210
t, 243
removal efficiency of biorefractory compounds321
sonochemical process vs.326–328
sono-EO195–197
synthetic effluents22
as tertiary treatment32–33
and TiO2 photo-assisted processes192–195.
See also cost comparison of oxidation processes
electro-coagulationelectro-oxidation/electro-coagulation/electroreduction (EO/EC/ER)253
electro-oxidation filtration process204–205.
See also electro-oxidation
electro-oxidation future perspectives409, 428, 431
commercialization428–429
cost estimation431
nanotechnology429
and other treatment processes429–430
electro-oxidation in environmental applications241, 262–263
agricultural and aquaculture wastewater treatment253–255, 256
tchallenges and future perspective262
landfill leachate treatment249–253, 250
t, 252
tmunicipal wastewater treatment261, 262
tnomenclature263
pathogen removal245–249, 247
t–248
tpersistent organic pollutant removal241–245, 244
tpetroleum wastewater treatment255–257, 258
ttextile wastewater treatment257–261, 260
telectro-oxidation operating cost387–388, 392
vs. chemical oxidation processes395, 396
telectrode material392–393
factors affecting392
passivation of electrodes393
power consumption392
time of treatment392
wastewater type393.
See also cost comparison of oxidation processes
electro-oxidation process65, 75–76, 204, 359, 378–379
active oxygen72
anodic oxidation process65
by-products70
cell design364–366
challenges74, 377–378
current density366
design criteria362
direct anodic oxidation70–71
direct oxidation361
disadvantages of indirect oxidation process73
drawbacks of conventional treatments74
electricity consumption75, 367–368
electrochemical reactor principle67–69
electrode material362–364
electrodisinfection66
electrolytic treatment360
felectroreactor67–68
factors in designing EO363
t, 365–366
features of wastewater366–367
future research74
high-surface-area electrode367
hypochlorite generation73
indirect electrochemical oxidation71–74
indirect oxidation361–362
integration in wastewater treatment plants368–372
mass transfer phenomenon75
mechanisms360–362
nomenclature379
operating conditions366–368
origins and principles65–76
oxidation reactions68
poisoning effect69–70, 71
of pollutants72
reaction pathways of68
freactor parameters for effective performance366
recommendations377–378
temperature366
types of wastewaters and pollutants372–377
for water and wastewater treatment66–70
electro-oxidation process mathematical modeling119, 145
using artificial neural networks136–143
based on design of experiments and RSM128
Box–Behnken design130
central composite design129
challenges and future research work144–145
developed models for EO119
DoE approach128
Doehlert design130
drawback of RSM145
empirical models120
factorial design128–129
kinetic analysis of EO143–144
modeling studies using RSM131–136
modeling techniques119
parameters affecting performance of EO119
phenomenological modeling120–128
Taguchi's design130
electroperoxidation (EP)175, 186
electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) process199, 200
fadvantages of201
mechanism of199–200.
See also electro-oxidation
electrophotocatalysis (EPC)325
electro-photo-oxidation (EPO)151, 186
Electropulse cell of the Oiltrap Environmental Company352–353.
See also electro-coagulation
electroreduction (ER)263
Elovich model104.
See also electro-coagulation kinetics
engineered nanomaterial (ENM)426
environmental protection agency (EPA)379
enzyme-based biological methods233.
See also textile wastewater treatment
EO and TiO2 photo-assisted processes192, 194
fdegradation of titanium oxide193
UV active semiconductor photocatalysts194–195.
See also electro-oxidation
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)151
eutrophication223
evolutionary algorithms (EAs)141, 142–143.
See also artificial neural network
experimental mass loss of electrode303
F&T water solutions348.
See also electro-coagulation
factorial design (FD)128
cube plot of full FD structure129
fmethod135
Faraday's law390
of electrochemistry285
fecal coliform (FC)98, 351
Fenton:reaction203
reagent generation rate203
technique164.
See also electro-Fenton (EF) process
flocculation111, 272.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
flotation13
and settling phenomena110–111
flow rate.
See hydraulic loading
fluoride222–223
removal percentage103.
See also anionic species removal
electro-coagulation kineticsfouling391
fractal theory111
free ammonia nitrogen (FAN)30
freshwater sources41
Freundlich isotherms280
fuel cell421–423
fulvic acid (FA)185, 186
gallons per minute (gpm)348, 357
Gallot EC cell350–351.
See also electro-coagulation
gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs)198
generic reactant121.
See also phenomenological modeling
Genesis Water Technology348.
See also electro-coagulation
genetic algorithms (GA)92, 141–142.
See also artificial neural network
multiobjective optimization modelsgradient decent algorithm86.
See also artificial neural network
granular activated carbon (GAC)397
green and clean electrochemical technology3
green chemical3
greenhouse gas (GHG)427
green technology241
heavy metal355, 375–376
toxic375
heavy metal removal218, 283
adsorbents for284
tarsenic219–221
using coagulants277
ttreatment processes219
zinc and copper221–222.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
high conductive wastewater344
high-surface-area electrode367
humic acid (HA)15, 17, 162, 186
hybrid system of EC–EO168
hydraulic loading281
hydraulic retention time (HRTHTR)234, 237, 344, 357
hydrogen peroxide formation327.
See also sonochemistry
hydrophilic compounds (Hyl)186
hydrophobic materials230
hypochlorite generation mechanism73.
See also electro-oxidation process
indirect electrochemical oxidation71–74.
See also electro-oxidation process
indirect oxidation361–362, 360
findustrial/pilot plants of EC349
t.
See also electro-coagulation
industrial waste398
inorganic substances372
interelectrode distance57
and pollutant removal efficiency58
t.
See also electro-coagulation process
interfacial problem415
iron-based coagulants276.
See also coagulants
Ishigaki EC cell351–352.
See also electro-coagulation
isoelectric point283
isotherm280
models104.
See also adsorption models
Kaselco351
ketoprofen (KP)243, 263
kinetic form of model105.
See also adsorption models
lack-of-fit (LOF) test91
landfill leachate (LL)207, 223, 237, 373
landfill leachate treatment223–225, 249
anode materials251
EO treatment of landfill leachate252
tlandfill leachate classification vs. age250
tleachate249
mineralization of organic matter253
organic pollutants249.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
electro-oxidation in environmental applicationsLangmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetic model160
Langmuir isotherm280
Langmuir-VOK model105–106.
See also adsorption models
large organic polymers273
laundry wastewater (LWW)174, 186
laundry wastewater treatment234–235
anodic reactions234
EC and EF process235
new bipolar EC and electroflotation process234.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
leachate249
concentrates25.
See also landfill leachate treatment
learning process138.
See also multilayer feedforward networks
leather tanning industry effluents353
Lennard–Jones potential279, 280
f.
See also adsorption
Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm87.
See also artificial neural network
life-cycle assessment (LCA)431
lignin13–14
lime276.
See also coagulants
liquid swine manure (LSM)17, 184, 186
liter per minute (LPM)357
low-cost adsorbents (LCAs)398
lumped system125–126.
See also phenomenological modeling
magnetite nanoparticle419
mass transfer:phenomenon75
between zones126.
See also electro-oxidation
phenomenological modelingmass transfer in electrochemical cell123
convective mass transfer123
diffusion123, 124.
See also phenomenological modeling
mathematical model82
mean square error (MSE)93
mechanical filtration398, 401
membrane bioreactor (MBR)30, 207, 370
membrane filtration technology economics398, 401
membrane processes228
membrane technology coupled with electrochemical process205
biological and electro-oxidation process207–208
modes of electrochemical oxidation and membrane technology206
fone-pot coupling process206
two-stage coupling process206–207.
See also electro-oxidation
metal-air fuel cell EC (MAFCEC)422
metal-bearing industrial effluents354
metallic nanoparticles419
metal oxide nanoparticles420
method of least square (MLS)90
microbial fuel cell (MFC)233–234, 237, 424.
See also textile wastewater treatment
monopolar:electrodes288
electrolytic cell2
monopolar parallel (mp-p)49, 390.
See also electro-coagulation process
monopolar series (mp-s)49, 390.
See also electro-coagulation process
Morkovsky and Kaspar EC cell351.
See also electro-coagulation
multilayer feedforward networks137
ANN modeling on EO processes139
t–140
tlearning process138
stacked neural networks141
unsupervised learning138
weights138.
See also artificial neural network
multiobjective optimization models92–93.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
municipal wastewater (MWW)15, 423
municipal wastewater treatment261
challenge for431
methods262
tsoluble nitrogen in261.
See also electro-oxidation in environmental applications
nanoclays419
nanofiltration (NF)25, 401
nanotechnology418–421
natural organic matter (NOM)23
Nernst Potential286
neural network137.
See also artificial neural network
nomenclature186, 263, 357, 379
nonactive:anodes70
electrodes76
nonbiodegradable wastewater65–66
nonbioresistant fraction430
nonmetallic inorganics354–355
odor causing compounds348
oil and grease (O&G)13, 186
oil bilge wastewater (OBW)414
operation cost (OC)342, 357
organic pollutants65, 169, 249, 321
organohalides410
orthogonal arrays130
oxidation208, 313
indirect361–362, 360
fmediators73
oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)26
ozonation323
vs. electro-oxidation323–325
for elimination of biorefractory compounds324
pH324
ozonation-electro-coagulation177, 180
coupled ozone-EC system178
crucial parameters179–180
current density179
kinetic model179
ozone oxidation process177
pH and distance between electrodes179–180.
See also electro-coagulation
ozone198
ozone-assisted EC processes.
See ozonation-electro-coagulation
PAL-soil (Pointe-Aux-Lièvressoil)394
paracetamol removal243.
See also persistent organic pollutant removal
parasitic reactions169
Pareto analysis81
Pareto front92.
See also multiobjective optimization models
Pareto optimal solution92.
See also multiobjective optimization models
particle swarm optimization (PSO)141
algorithm142.
See also artificial neural network
passivation417
pathogen removal245
chlorination245
chlorine dioxide246
disinfection245, 246, 249
EO method245, 247
t–248
tin sewage245
tertiary treatment methods245
viruses in WW245.
See also electro-oxidation in environmental applications
pathogens245
pentachlorophenol196–197.
See also sono-electro-oxidation
percentage effect81
peroxi-coagulation (PC)175
peroxi-EC process (PEP)177
persistent organic pollutant (POP)241, 263, 374–375, 379
persistent organic pollutant removal241
disadvantage of EO242
EC of POPs in WW242
EO treatment for244
tparacetamol removal243
WW treatment242.
See also electro-oxidation in environmental applications
personal care products (PCPs)18
persulfuric acid67
petroleum wastewater treatment255, 257
chemical and physical methods257
compounds in streams255
methods258
t.
See also electro-oxidation in environmental applications
pharmaceutical376
pollutants327
pharmaceutically active compound (PhAC)263
phenolic compounds377
phenomenological modeling120
activation energy122
Arrhenius equation121
Butler–Volmer equation122
electrochemical kinetics121–123
electron distribution127
generic reactant121
lumped system125–126
mass transfer between zones126
mass transfer in electrochemical cell123–124
model selection125–128
processes in electrochemical cell127
frate of electrode reaction121
selection of model variables128
semidistributed system126
Tafel equation122
total current density121
total ionic flux124–125.
See also electro-oxidation process mathematical modeling
pH of solution55.
See also electro-coagulation process
phosphate223.
See also anionic species removal
photocatalysis155, 161
assisted by electrochemistry325
effectiveness of325
vs. electro-oxidation325, 326
tphoto-electrocatalytic oxidation (PECO)154, 186
photo-electro-Fenton (PEF)152, 186, 314
photo-Fenton-electro-coagulation process168.
See also electro-coagulation-Fenton process
photo-Fenton process168
physisorption279.
See also adsorption
pin flocs272
point of zero charge (PZC)160, 186
polar solvent282
pollutant320, 372
ammonia376–377
chemical oxygen demand373–374
dye375
heavy metals375–376
persistent organic pollutants374–375
pharmaceuticals376
phenolic compounds377
in water286
polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)255
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)21
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)69, 419
porous cathodes198
powdered activated carbon (PAC)397
Powell Corporation EC cell350.
See also electro-coagulation
precipitation reactions56.
See also electro-coagulation process
primary sedimentaiton tank4
produced water (PW)255, 263
pulp and paper mill industry372
reaction kinetics108
adsorption of arsenate110
enmeshment reaction108–109
equilibrium reaction108
pollutant molecules108.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
reaction limited cluster aggregation (RLCA)59, 294
reactive blue (RB)197
Reactive Blue 19 dye (RB19)163
reactive chlorine species70
reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs)204–205
reactive intermediates169
reactive oxygen species67
Reactive Red 43 (RR43)81
reactor design47–49, 47
fdesirable factors in365–366.
See also electro-coagulation process
refractory organics151
refractory pollutants325
organic373
removal efficiency (RE)81
renewable energies421–423
sources423, 431
response surface methodology (RSM)80, 82, 95–102, 120, 186, 227, 237
advantages of99
ANN and143
Box–Behnken design130, 136
central composite design129, 131–135
compound desirability95
DoE approach128
Doehlert design130
drawback of145
EO modeling based on design of experiments and128–136
factorial design128–129
FD method135
modeling studies using131
quadratic models98–99
research works on132
t–134
tsecond-order equation95
studies on mathematical and statistical models96
t–97
tstudies on RSM for EC100
t–101
tTaguchi's design130.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
restaurant wastewater (RWW)186, 230–231
treatment174.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
retention time56–57.
See also electro-coagulation process
reverse osmosis (RO)4, 253
reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC)30
Reynolds-Averaged–Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation106
root mean square error (RMSE)84, 138
ruthenium coated with titanium and titanium oxides (DSA)186
sanitary landfill leachate (SLL)423
Santa Clara Wastewater (SCWW)348.
See also electro-coagulation
scale-up415–418
SEECP304
semidistributed system126.
See also phenomenological modeling
separation techniques220
septic tanks (ST)237
short solid retention time (SRT)26
Si/boron-doped diamond (BDD)364
signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio98
silica gel278
slaughterhouse wastewater227
advanced oxidation processes229
biological processes228–229
combined processes230
DAF228
physicochemical treatment methods227–228
primary treatment methods227.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
Sn–Pb–Ru (SPR)186
solar-powered EC (SPEC)423
sonochemistry326
acoustic cavitation326
anodic oxidation of pharmaceuticals329
t–331
tvs. electro-oxidation326–328
emerging contaminants327
hydrogen peroxide formation327
sonochemical water treatment327
sonoelectrochemistry196.
See also sono-electro-oxidation
sono-electro-coagulation (SEC)153, 162, 186
kinetics of162–163
effect of operating parameters163–164
passivation of electrode162
pH effect163
effect of ultrasonic power164
ultrasonic process162.
See also electro-coagulation
sono-electro-oxidation195
advantages of197
cavitation196
contaminant degradation196–197
pentachlorophenol196–197
reaction at anode196
reaction at cathode196
sonoelectrochemistry196
ultrasonic process196.
See also electro-oxidation
specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC)303
stable inorganic compounds209
stainless steel (SS)4
standard back-propagation86.
See also artificial neural network
statistical modeling89
experimental design89–90
finding optimal conditions91–92
fitting of model90–91
independent variable selection89
significance of regression91
statistical treatment of data90
sum of error caused by regression91
two-variable quadratic model91.
See also electro-coagulation process mathematical modeling
response surface methodologystatistical package for the social sciences (SPSS)102
suspended solids (SS)186, 352
synthetic dyes259.
See also textile wastewater treatment
Tafel equation122.
See also phenomenological modeling
Taguchi's design (TD)128, 130
tanning industry373
Temkin isotherm105.
See also adsorption models
temperature57, 59.
See also electro-coagulation process
textile:industry372, 384
waste301
textile wastewater treatment231, 257, 353
advanced oxidation methods259
algae233
biological method259
different treatment methods for textile wastewater260
tdye-assisting chemicals353
EC232
EC–EF process232
economic comparison of membrane technology & EC401
tenzyme-based biological methods233
fungal degradation of dyes233
tmicrobial fuel cell233–234
process parameters259
synthetic dyes259.
See also electro-coagulation in environmental applications
electro-oxidation in environmental applicationsthermo-alkaline (TA)32
TiO2 photo-assisted process194
f.
See also EO and TiO
2 photo-assisted processes
TiO2-photocatalytic technology153
titanium dioxide193
titanium oxide degradation193.
See also EO and TiO
2 photo-assisted processes
total dissolved solids (TDS)4, 152, 186, 237
total ionic flux in bulk electrolyte124–125.
See also phenomenological modeling
total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)32, 357
total organic carbon (TOC)17, 128, 156, 186, 192, 243, 263, 357
total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)353
total solids (TS)98
total suspended solids (TSS)351, 357
toxic:elements261
heavy metals375
TRAINBR92.
See also multiobjective optimization models
ultrafiltration (UF)174, 370, 379, 401
ultrasound (US)151, 186
ultrasound and electrochemical oxidation (US–EC)243
ultraviolet (UV)34
active semiconductor photocatalysts194–195
radiation229, 237
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)368
valence band (VB)325
Variable Electro Precipitator (VEP)348
variable order kinetics (VOK)104
model104, 105.
See also adsorption models
vitreous carbon (VC)161, 186
volts/standard hydrogen electrode (V/SHE)198, 313
waste–activated sludge (WAS)32
wastewater treatment (WW treatment)1, 152, 186, 191, 236, 241, 263, 357
advanced techniques192
economic comparison401
telectrochemical degradation of pollutants360
low-cost adsorbents for399
t–400
tmatrixes98
methods383–384
physicochemical features of366–367
pollutants in191
processes comparison401
removal of phenolic compounds of377
techniques217
technology comparison402
t–403
ttypes of353, 372
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)15, 314, 427
integrated treatment371–372
integration of electro-oxidation368–372
post-treatment370–371
pretreatment369
water271, 383
pollutants in286
water and wastewater treatment2
aggregated pollutant separation48
fbipolar electrode arrangement in series49, 50
fby-products70
electrochemical reactor principle67–69
electro-coagulation for42–50
electrode geometry design48
electro-oxidation for66–70
electroreactor67–68
monopolar and bipolar configurations49–50
monopolar electrode arrangement49, 49
f, 50
foxidation reactions68
poisoning effect69–70, 71
reaction pathways of cathodic and anodic EO68
freactor configuration47
reactor design47–49, 47
fweirs274
World Health Organization (WHO)219
Zahn–Wellens biodegradability test181.
See also electro-bio system
zeolites278
zero-charge point (ZCP)326
zerovalent iron (ZVI)419
zeta potential286
zinc221–222.
See also heavy metal removal
