Index for Investigation of Land Subsidence due to Fluid Withdrawal

airborne LiDAR

106. See also geodetic surveys

alluvial

220

alluvial fan

220

alluvium

220

altitude

220

ancillary/anecdotal information

83. See also geothermal area identification and monitoring

anisotropic

220

aquifer

45, 220

artificial recharge of

164–166

confined

220

skeleton

55

storage coefficients

63

unconfined

220. See also aquifer-system compaction; subsidence analysis and simulation; subsidence processes

aquifer mechanics and land subsidence

55

stress causing aquifer-system compaction

65–73

stress–strain relationship in susceptible aquifer systems

73–77

subsurface-fluid withdrawal

55

theory of aquifer-system compaction

55–65

aquifer-system compaction

45, 47, 56, 165

aquitard drainage model

56

dimensionless time factor

65

effective stress

58–59

excess pore water

56

hydrodynamic consolidation theory

58, 64–65

idealized aquifer system

56, 57f

load change on aquitards

56

modeling

135

skeleton of aquifer system

55

theory

55

time constant for doubly draining aquitard

65

unconsolidated heterogeneous aquifer system

57. See also aquifer mechanics and land subsidence; aquifer-system compressibility and storage

aquifer-system compressibility and storage

59

effective stress changes

60

skeletal and fluid storage coefficient

63–64

skeletal compressibility

60

skeletal elastic storage coefficient

76, 77

specific storage

60–61, 62–63

storage coefficients

63

volume skeletal compressibility

59–60. See also aquifer-system compaction; stress–strain relationship

aquitard

45, 220–221

compressibility

45. See also subsidence processes

aquitard drainage model

56, 136, 137f

compaction simulation

142–145, 144f, 145f

Darcy–Gersevanov law

140, 142

Darcy's law

139

diffusion equation for transient flow

141

features of MODFLOW-based subsidence models

145t

groundwater flow theory

138–142

Interbed Storage Package, version 1

143

MODFLOW

143

one-dimensional consolidation

137

one-dimensional model

143

prediction

138. See also aquifer-system compaction; subsidence analysis and simulation

area of Daqing

49. See also compaction by fluid extraction

artesian

221

Atterberg limits

182

Atterberg limits and indexes

197–202

effect of clay content on LL for core holes

200f

from core hole 14/13–11D1

198t–199t

unified soil classification plasticity

201f. See also laboratory analysis results

bench mark

221

“blackbox” models

. See empirical methods

cable-casing friction

97

carbonate

221

casing-collar logging

104–105. See also subsurface measurement techniques

centralizers

97. See also extensometry

clay content–subsidence relation

129–130. See also quasi-theoretical approach

coefficient of:

compressibility

209

horizontal permeability

190

permeability

224. See saturated hydraulic conductivity

vertical permeability

191

volume compressibility

209, 211

collar counting

104. See also subsurface measurement techniques

compaction

56, 221

residual

221. See also aquifer-system compaction

compaction by fluid extraction

46

area of Daqing

49

deformation and ground failures

47

earth fissures and surface faults

47

extraction of pore fluids

46–47

geothermal fluids

49

groundwater

47–48

hydrocarbons

48

land subsidence in Wairakei-Tauharo geothermal system

50f

subsurface-fluid withdrawal

48

water of compaction

48. See also subsidence processes

composite logs

179. See also laboratory tests and field sampling standards

compressibility

209

coefficient of

209

coefficient of volume

209, 211, 211f

constrained modulus of elasticity

209

laboratory virgin compression curve

211

semilogarithmic plot of void ratio

211

total subsidence

210. See also laboratory analysis results

confining unit

221

consolidation

56, 183–186, 202, 221

alternate procedures

184

coefficient of

184

coefficient of consolidation and LL

207f

coefficients of consolidation estimation

206

comparison of methods of compression index

206f

compression index

184

compression index estimation

203–205

computed compression indexes

205t

consolidation characteristics and LLs

207–208

correlation of compression indexes

206

LL and compression index

204f

one-dimensional consolidometer specimen container

183f

principles of

137

saturated hydraulic conductivity

186

soil classification effect

207

stress–strain analysis from

185f

test curves

202

void ratio–load curves

205. See also aquifer-system compaction; laboratory analysis methods

constitutive models

150–151. See also subsidence analysis and simulation

constrained modulus of elasticity

209. See also compressibility

continuous GPS (CGPS)

86

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)

86

conventional groundwater flow theory

135, 138–142. See also aquitard drainage model; subsidence analysis and simulation

conversion table

227–229

core

221

corollary effects

29

Daqing

49. See also compaction by fluid extraction

Darcy–Gersevanov law

140, 142, 146–147. See also aquitard drainage model; poroelasticity model

Darcy's law

139

debris flow

222

deformation

47, 222

elastic

222

inelastic

222. See also compaction by fluid extraction

depth–porosity model

130–135. See also quasi-theoretical approach

differential leveling

86–89. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

differential LiDAR (Dif-LiDAR)

102

digital elevation models (DEMs)

107

dimensionless time factor

65. See also aquifer-system compaction

discharge

222

displacement model

109. See also geodetic surveys

drawdown

222

dynamic stresses

71–73. See also stress causing aquifer-system compaction

earth excavation equipment

179

earth fissures

47. See also compaction by fluid extraction

effective stress

67, 68, 77

changes

60

principle of

58–59, 68f. See also stress causing aquifer-system compaction; stress–strain relationship

elasticity, constrained modulus of

209. See also compressibility

elevation

222

empirical methods

121–122. See also subsidence analysis and simulation

eustasy

222

evaporite

222

extensometry

92, 93f

abandoned oil-test holes

98

borehole extensometer types

95

cable and pipe extensometers

95–101

cable extensometer

100

centralizers

97

constructed in converted oil-test hole

98

counterweighted pipe extensometers

101

evaluating cable and pipe extensometers

100

extensometer records

102

free-pipe extensometers

101

gross compaction

95

horizontal

94

recording borehole extensometer installations

96f

single and double pipe borehole extensometers

94–95

slip joints

101

subsurface bench mark

92

teeter bar

96

telescopic extensometer

101–102

wells to measure water levels and compaction

99f. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

Fen-Wei Faulted Basin (FWB)

28

field sampling

173. See also laboratory tests and field sampling standards

flow

222

Geertsma's coefficient of uniaxial compaction

152. See also subsidence model types

geodetic surveys

106

airborne LiDAR

106

displacement model

109

factors in airborne-LiDAR mapping

107

land subsidence and aquifer-system compaction

110f

LiDAR

107–108

PSI generalized velocity map

111f

space-based geodetic techniques

107

synthetic aperture radar interferometry

108–112. See also geothermal area identification and monitoring

geostatic stresses

66–67. See also stress causing aquifer-system compaction

geothermal

222

geothermal area identification and monitoring

83

airborne and spaced-based geodetic surveys

106–112

ancillary/anecdotal information

83

ground-based geodetic surveys

86

horizontal displacement

112

identifying groundwater basins

83–84

manual for surface monitoring

86

methods of measuring aquifer compaction and subsidence

85t

reference networks for horizontal and vertical geodetic control

85–86

sufficiently stable

84

geothermal fluids

49. See also compaction by fluid extraction

glacioisostasy

222

global positioning system (GPS)

86, 89, 102

strengths of

90. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

granular displacement model (GDM)

150

ground-based geodetic surveys

86

differential leveling

86–87

extensometry

92–102

geodetic network to measure historical subsidence

91f

global positioning system

89–91

horizontal GPS displacement vectors superimposed on InSAR imagery

92f

land-surface change measuring techniques

91

monitoring network

87

near-surface deposits

88

network of level lines in San Jose subsidence area

89f

precise differential leveling

87–89

strengths of GPS

90

subsurface measurement techniques

104–106

tripod-mounted LiDAR

102–104. See also geothermal area identification and monitoring

ground failures

47. See also compaction by fluid extraction

groundwater

47–48

basin identification

83–84

withdrawal

46

withdrawal reduction

164. See also compaction by fluid extraction; geothermal area identification and monitoring; subsidence processes

groundwater flow theory, conventional

135, 138–142. See also aquitard drainage model; subsidence analysis and simulation

Guidebook to Studies of Land Subsidence due to Ground-Water Withdrawal

1

half-space model

153f, 154. See also subsidence model types

“Height Modernization” program

86

heterogeneous

222

high accuracy reference networks (HARNs)

86

homogeneous

223

horizontal displacement

112. See also geothermal area identification and monitoring

horizontal permeability coefficient

190. See also hydraulic conductivity

hydraulic conductivity (permeability)

180–181, 190, 191, 223

consolidation test summaries

192t–194t

horizontal permeability coefficient

190

range in permeability of samples in core holes

195f

vertical hydraulic conductivity and texture

196f

vertical permeability coefficient

191. See also laboratory analysis results; saturated hydraulic conductivity

hydraulic gradient

223

hydraulic head, total

222

hydrocarbons

48. See also compaction by fluid extraction

hydrocompaction

50–52, 223. See also subsidence processes

hydrodynamic consolidation theory

58, 64–65. See also aquifer-system compaction

hydrostatic pressure

224

hydrostatic stresses

66–67. See also stress causing aquifer-system compaction

illite

223

inclinometers

106. See also subsurface measurement techniques

inertial measurement unit (IMU)

107

interbed

223

Interbed Storage Package, version 1 (IBS1)

143

interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)

107, 108

International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)

4

International Hydrological Programme (IHP)

3

isothermal

223

isotropic

223

kaolinite

223

karst

223

laboratory analysis methods

179

Atterberg limits

182

consolidation

183–186

hydraulic conductivity

180–181

moisture content

181

particle-size classes

180t

particle-size distribution

180

porosity and void ratio

181

specific gravity of solids

181

unit weight

181. See also laboratory tests and field sampling standards

laboratory analysis results

186

Atterberg limits and indexes

197–202

compressibility

209–212

consolidation

202–208

hydraulic conductivity

190–196

moisture content

208–209

particle-size distribution

186–190

pore volume

208

soil-engineering and hydrogeologic terms and concepts

208

specific gravity, unit weight, and porosity

196–197

virgin compression curve

211. See also laboratory tests and field sampling standards

laboratory tests and field sampling standards

173

composite logs of core holes

179

field sampling

173

general need of tests

173

methods of laboratory analysis

179–186

properties core hole samples

174t–178t

results of laboratory analyses

186

lacustrine

223

land subsidence

1, 2–4, 224

attributed to groundwater extraction

6t–14t

cause of

1

international database

29

locations

16t–27t

magnitude and areal extent of

15f

occurrence and history of

4

principal areas of known global

5f

problems resulting from

29–30

selected areas of

15f

land-surface change measurement techniques

91. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

light detection and ranging (LiDAR)

87, 107–108. See also geodetic surveys

linear poroelasticity theory

135. See also subsidence analysis and simulation; “line-of-sight”

(LOS)

109

liquid limit (LL)

182

load

. See stress

model

121

MODFLOW

143. See also aquitard drainage model

moisture content

208–209. See also laboratory analysis results; water—content

montmorillonite

45, 224. See also subsidence processes

National Geodetic Survey (NGS)

86

National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 1929)

86

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

87

National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)

86

near-surface deposits

88. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

network monitoring

87. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

nonsteady flow

. See unsteady flow

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)

86

North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)

85

North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88)

85

North China Plain (NCP)

2, 28

notations and symbols

215–219

odometer test

. See uniaxial consolidation test

one-dimensional model

143. See also aquitard drainage model

particle-size distribution

180, 186

curves for core hole 14/13–11D1

186f

particle-size classes

180t

for samples tested for consolidation

187t–189t

sediment classification triangles

190

statistical measures

190. See also laboratory analysis results

permafrost

224

permanent scatterer interferometry

. See persistent-scatterer interferometry

permeability

. See hydraulic conductivity; saturated hydraulic conductivity

permeability intrinsic

224

permeability coefficient

224

horizontal

190

vertical

191. See also hydraulic conductivity

persistent-scatterer interferometry (PSI)

108

plasticity index (PI)

182

plastic limits (PLs)

182

pore pressure, excess

224

pore volume

208. See also laboratory analysis results

poroelasticity model

145

changes in groundwater storage

147

coupling term of pressure head

149

Darcy–Gersevanov Law

146–147

derivation of groundwater flow equations

146

poroelasticity theory

146–149

simulation

149–150

theory

146–149

volume strain rate

148. See also subsidence analysis and simulation

porosity

181, 196–197, 224. See also laboratory analysis results

pressure, hydrostatic

224

principles of consolidation

137

quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)

107

quasi-theoretical approach

122

annual land subsidence and corresponding discharge

126f

change in altitude at BM9536 and BM9537

129f

clay content–subsidence relation

129–130

cumulative oil, gross-liquid, and net-liquid production

124f

cumulative volumes of subsidence and pumpage

127f

decrease of porosity with depth

131f

depth–porosity model

130–135

expression for rate of subsidence

122

leakage rate and volumetric subsidence rate

126f

percent clay and subsidence

131f

ratio of subsidence to head decline

127–129, 130f

relation for subsidence

124

specific storage for inelastic compaction

134f

subsidence as function of liquid extraction

123–127

Wadachi's model

122–123

water-level decline and land subsidence

128f. See also subsidence analysis and simulation

radioactive-marker logging

105. See also subsurface measurement techniques

radioactive marker technique (RMT)

105

real-time networks (RTNs)

86

recharge

224

satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

108

saturated hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of permeability)

180

sediment elevation tables (SETs)

88

seepage stress

71. See also stress causing aquifer-system compaction

semilogarithmic plot of void ratio

211. See also compressibility

smectite

. See montmorillonite

space-based geodetic techniques

107. See also geodetic surveys

specific discharge

224

specific gravity

196–197

of solids

181. See also laboratory analysis methods; laboratory analysis results

specific storage

224

specific yield

225

static stresses

66–71. See also stress causing aquifer-system compaction

steady flow

222

storage

225

storage coefficient

225

strain

225

stress

225, 226

applied

225

effective

225

geostatic

225

hydrostatic

225

preconsolidation

226

total

226

yield

226

stress causing aquifer-system compaction

65

computed stresses at two depth horizons

70t

dynamic stresses

71–73

effective stress

67, 68

effective stress principle

68f

geostatic and hydrostatic stresses

66–67

measured and computed hydraulic properties

73t

nonsteady flow in doubly-draining aquitard

72f

properties used to compute stresses

69t

seepage stress

71

static stresses

66–71

types of

65–66. See also aquifer mechanics and land subsidence

stress–strain relationship

73

aquifer-system skeletal elastic storage coefficient

76, 77

change in applied stress, compaction, and

74f, 75

compressibilities of clays and sands

77–78

effective stresses

77

elastic storage and compressibility parameters

76

ratio of inelastic storage coefficient and initial aggregate thickness

77

stress–strain analysis

74–77

stress–strain curves

74. See also aquifer mechanics and land subsidence

subjacent deposits

88

subsidence

. See land subsidence

subsidence analysis and simulation

121

analysis and simulation of aquifer-system compaction

135

analysis of subsidence-prone areas

121

aquifer-system compaction modeling

135

aquitard drainage model

136–145, 137f

constitutive models

150–151

conventional groundwater flow theory

135

empirical methods

121–122

linear poroelasticity theory

135

methods

121

poroelasticity model

145–150

quasi-theoretical approach

122–135

simplifications of aquifer-system properties

136

subsidence model types

151–154

theoretical approach

135

subsidence mitigation

163

aquifer-system compaction

165

artificial recharge of aquifer systems

164–166

in china

166

in Italy

166–167

in Japan

168

in United States

168–169

subsidence model types

151

Geertsma's coefficient of uniaxial compaction

152

half-space model

153f, 154

influence of material within unpumped overburden

152–154

simple subsidence estimates

151–152

tension center model

154

theoretical techniques

151. See also subsidence analysis and simulation

subsidence processes

45

aquifers

45

aquifer-system compaction

45, 47

aquitard compressibility

45

aquitards

45

compaction by fluid extraction

46–50

groundwater withdrawal

46

hydrocompaction

50–52

montmorillonite

45

underground voids

46

subsidence-prone area analysis

121. See also subsidence analysis and simulation

subsurface-fluid withdrawal

55. See also aquifer mechanics and land subsidence

subsurface measurement techniques

104

casing-collar logging

104–105

collar counting

104

inclinometers

106

observation well in Niigata

106f

radioactive-marker logging

105. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

surface faults

47. See also compaction by fluid extraction

synthetic aperture radar interferometry

108–112. See also geodetic surveys

teeter bar

96. See also extensometry

tension center model

154. See also subsidence model types

Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation

137. See also aquitard drainage model

tests, general need of

173

theodolite

86

transmissivity

226

tripod light detection and ranging (T-LiDAR)

102

Dif-LiDAR

102–104

imagery of geothermal transmission line

103f. See also ground-based geodetic surveys

unconsolidated heterogeneous aquifer system

57. See also aquifer-system compaction

underground voids

46. See also subsidence processes

uniaxial consolidation test (odometer test)

210

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

3

unit weight

181, 196–197, 226. See also laboratory analysis results

unsteady flow

222

uplift

226

virgin compression curve

211. See also compressibility

void ratio

181, 226. See also laboratory analysis methods

volume compressibility coefficient

209, 211. See also compressibility

volumetric-flask method

181

Wadachi's model

122–123. See also quasi-theoretical approach

water:

content

181

table

226. See also laboratory analysis methods

Yangtze River Delta (YRD)

15