Chapter 4
Identification, Measurement, Mapping, and Monitoring
Publication: Investigation of Land Subsidence due to Fluid Withdrawal
Abstract
In the absence of known historical subsidence, the identification of areas that are susceptible to subsidence accompanying the withdrawal of groundwater may be difficult. Characteristics of general geology and hydrogeology can be evaluated for the presence of unconsolidated alluvial or basin fill deposits that comprise a significant fraction of susceptible fine-grained deposits within an aquifer system. This chapter describes the methods used for measuring vertical and horizontal displacement of the land surface and subsurface deposits. Error in the Global Positioning System (GPS) position of the aircraft is propagated to the land surface measurements. Increasing the number of ground-based GPS control base stations minimizes the aircraft-position error and favors a higher-quality airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) dataset. GPS surveys are therefore evaluated in the context of the reliability of GPS measurements, which generally have a smaller uncertainty than airborne LiDAR measurements.
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Investigation of Land Subsidence due to Fluid Withdrawal
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