References

American Concrete Institute (ACI). (1998). 371R-98: Guide for the analysis, design, and construction of concrete-pedestal water towers (reapproved 2003), ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich.: This ACI guide presents recommendations for materials, analysis, design, and construction of concrete-pedestal elevated water storage tanks. These structures are commonly referred to as composite-style elevated water tanks that consist of a steel water storage tank supported by a cylindrical reinforced concrete pedestal.

American National Standards Institute/American Water Works Association (ANSI/AWWA). (2005). C502-05: Dry-barrel fire hydrants and C503-05 Wet-barrel fire hydrants, AWWA, Denver, Colo.: These standards establish flow standards for dry- and wet-barrel fire hydrants.

American National Standards Institute/National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers/Hollow Metal Manufacturers Association (ANSI/NAAMM/HMMA). (2003). ANSI/NAAMM/HMMA 862-03: Guide specifications for commercial security hollow metal doors and frames, NAAMM, Chicago, Ill.: This document provides specifications for commercial security hollow metal doors and frames. Its focus is protection from vandalism, forced entry, theft, and firearms attack.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2010). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10, ASCE, Reston, Va.: This update to ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05 and its supplement provides requirements for general structural design, and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, and their combinations that are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents.

American Society of Civil Engineers/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation (ASCE/AWWA/WEF). (2004a). Interim voluntary guidelines for designing an online contaminant monitoring system, ASCE, Reston, Va.: These guidelines are based on the USEPA WISE ASCE/AWWA/WEF Phase 1 Documents (December 9, 2004). Details are available at http://content.ewrinstitute.org/files/pdf/IVSGDOCMS_817R08007.pdf.

ASCE/AWWA/WEF. (2004b). Interim voluntary security guidance for wastewater/stormwater utilities, ASCE, Reston, Va.: These USEPA WISE ASCE/AWWA/WEF Phase 1 Documents (December 9, 2004) are available at http://content.ewrinstitute.org/files/pdf/IVGWU_817R08006.pdf.

ASCE/AWWA/WEF. (2004c). Interim voluntary security guidance for water utilities, ASCE, Reston, Va.: USEPA WISE ASCE/AWWA/WEF Phase 1 Documents (December 9, 2004) are available at http://content.ewrinstitute.org/files/pdf/IVGWU_817R08010.pdf.

ASCE/AWWA/WEF. (2006). Guidelines for the physical security of water utilities. ASCE, Reston, Va.: These guidelines are based on the USEPA WISE ASCE/AWWA/WEF Phase 3 Documents (December 2006). Details are available at http://content.ewrinstitute.org/files/pdf/4.pdf.

American Society of Industrial Security (ASIS). (2004). Protection of assets, ASIS, Alexandria, Va.: Although the availability of security literature is growing rapidly, with general and specialized texts, it has not been possible—until now—for a business manager or protection professional to find in one place, current, accurate, and practical treatment of the broad range of protection subjects, strategies, and solutions.

American Water Works Association (AWWA). (1995). D115-95: Circular prestressed concrete water tanks with circumferential tendons, AWWA, Denver, Colo.: This standard includes current and recommended practice for the design, construction, and field observations of circular prestressed concrete tanks using tendons for circumferential prestressing.

AWWA. (1998). Steel water-storage tanks (M42), AWWA, Denver, Colo.: This manual provides information on the selection, design, construction, and maintenance of steel tanks for potable water storage.

AWWA. (2002). D120-02: Thermosetting fiberglass-reinforced plastic tanks, AWWA, Denver, Colo.: This document discusses the composition, performance requirements, construction practices and workmanship, design, and methods of testing thermosetting fiberglass-reinforced plastic tanks for the storage of water and other liquids.

AWWA. (2004). D110-04: Wire- and strand-wound, circular, prestressed concrete water tanks, AWWA, Denver, Colo.: This standard details recommended practice for the design, construction, inspection, and maintenance of these types of water tanks.

AWWA. (2005). D100-05: Welded carbon steel tanks for water storage, AWWA, Denver, Colo.: This standard provides guidance to facilitate the design, manufacture, and procurement of welded steel tanks for the storage of water. This standard does not cover all details of design and construction because of the large variety of sizes and shapes of tanks.

AWWA. (2006). A100-06: Water wells. AWWA, Denver, Colo.: This standard provides the minimum requirements for vertical water supply wells, including geologic/hydrologic conditions and water quality and well construction. USEPA WISE Phase 3 Draft (December 2006) is available at http://www.awwa.org/Resources/Content.cfm?ItemNumber=29824#P25_2507.

American Water Works Association/American Society of Civil Engineers (AWWA/ASCE). (2005). Water treatment plant design, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.: This book is a reference for water treatment plant upgrades or new construction. Topics range from initial plans and permits, through design, construction, and startup.

Association of State Drinking Water Administrators/National Rural Water Association (ASDWA/NRWA). (2002a). Security vulnerability self-assessment guide for small drinking water systems, ASDWA, Arlington, Va.: This guide is intended for water utilities that serve a population of less than 3,300. Its purpose is to help utilities identify critical assets and list appropriate security measures.

Association of State Drinking Water Administrators/National Rural Water Association (ASDWA/NRWA). (2002b). Security vulnerability self-assessment guide for small drinking water systems serving populations between 3,300 and 10,000, ASDWA, Arlington, Va.: This guide is intended for water utilities that serve a population from 3,300 to 10,000. It was developed to help utilities meet the requirements of the U.S. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (PL 107–188).

ASTM International (ASTM). (2002). F476-84(2002): Standard test methods for security of swinging door assemblies, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: The standard test methods covered in this document are designed to measure the capability of a swinging door assembly to restrain or delay and to frustrate the commission of “break-in” crimes. Door assemblies of various materials and types of construction covered by these test methods also include individual components such as the hinge, lock, door, jamb/strike, and jamb/wall.

ASTM. (2003). F1910-98(2003): Standard specification for long barbed tape obstacles, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification covers barbed tape materials and configurations used for security barriers. Referenced in this document are ASTM specifications A764, F1379, A176, A666, A370, and A240.

ASTM. (2004a). A121-99(2004): Standard specification for metallic-coated carbon steel barbed wire, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification describes two-strand, metallic-coated, steel barbed wire fabricated of aluminum, zinc, and zinc-5% aluminum-mischmetal alloy coatings, with a number of coating weights, in a variety of designs.

ASTM. (2004b). A176-99(2004): Standard specification for stainless and heat-resisting chromium steel plate, sheet, and strip, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification covers stainless and heat-resisting chromium steel plate, sheet, and strip. A wide variety of surface finishes may be available for the steel plate, sheet, and strips described in this specification.

ASTM. (2005a). A666: Standard specification for annealed or cold-worked austenitic stainless steel sheet, strip, plate, and flat bar, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification covers the required annealed and cold-worked conditions for austenitic stainless steels in a variety of structural, architectural, pressure vessel, magnetic, cryogenic, and heat-resisting applications.

ASTM. (2005b). A853-04: Standard specification for steel wire, carbon, for general use, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification covers carbon steel wire that is intended for general use, and is supplied in coils and is hard drawn, annealed in process, or annealed at finish size.

ASTM. (2005c). F1043-06: Standard specification for strength and protective coatings on steel industrial chain link fence framework, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification covers the strength and protective coating requirements for industrial steel chain link fence frameworks. Details include the maximum allowable heights of framework, post spacing based the mesh size and gauges of the fence fabric, and specified wind loads. Also included are factors to consider when determining wind load, the cross-sectional shape, and approved fabrication methods for posts and rails.

ASTM. (2005d). F552-02: Standard terminology relating to chain link fencing, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: This specification contains the standard terminology associated with aspects of chain-link fencing design and construction.

ASTM. (2005e). F567-00: Standard practice for installation of chain-link fence, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.: The standard of practice pertaining to the installation procedure for chain-link fence is described in this document. While this practice describes performance under varying conditions, weather, intended use, materials, etc., it does not address all of the safety problems associated with the installation of a chain-link fence.

Garcia, M. L. (2001). The design and evaluation of physical protection systems, Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, Mass.: This book provides detailed information on the full process of security system design and integration, illustrating how the various physical and electronic elements work together to form a comprehensive system.

Illumination Engineering Society of North America (IESNA). (2003). Guideline for security lighting for people, property, and public spaces (G-1-03), IESNA, New York: This guideline covers basic security principles, illuminance requirements for various types of properties, protocols for evaluating current lighting levels for different security applications, and security survey and crime search methodology. This guideline includes exterior and interior security lighting practices for the reasonable protection of persons and property.

Jones, G. M., Sanks, R. L., Tchobanoglous, G., and Bosserman, B.E., II, eds. (2005). Pumping station design, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, Mass.: This document provides detailed information needed to design, equip, and build efficient, reliable pumping stations that are easy to operate and maintain.

Mays, L. R., ed. (2000). Water distribution systems handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.: This handbook provides material to design, analyze, operate, maintain, and rehabilitate water distribution systems. Topics include hydraulic design for pipelines and tanks to water quality issues, computer models, and rehabilitation/replacement information.

Murphy, B., Radder, L. L., and Kirmeyer, G. J. (2005). Distribution systems security primer for water utilities, Water Research Foundation, Denver, Colo.: This document provides tools to assess, prioritize, and address water distribution system vulnerabilities.

National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA). (2002). Asset-based vulnerability checklist for wastewater utilities, NACWA, Washington, D.C.: This document was developed to help wastewater utilities identify and evaluate the vulnerability of their assets, as well as the threats against them. This document was originally developed under NACWA’s former name, Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA).

NACWA. (2005). Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool for Water & Waste-water Utilities (version 3.2 update), NACWA, Washington, D.C.: Three versions of the Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSAT) software—wastewater, water/wastewater/and water—can be ordered from NACWA. This tool was originally developed under NACWA’s former name, Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA).

National Environmental Training Center for Small Communities (NETCSC). (2002). Protecting your community’s assets: A guide for small wastewater systems, National Environmental Services Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown: This guide allows decision makers for small wastewater treatment systems to evaluate the security of their systems and to plan for emergencies. Tools provided in the guide include an Inventory of Critical Assets, Threat Assessment, Vulnerability Assessment Checklist, and Prioritization of Potential Corrective Actions.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). (2002). NFPA 101B: Code for means of egress for buildings and structures, NFPA, Quincy, Mass.: This code includes the latest technologies, advances, and safety strategies in areas such as alarms, egress, emergency lighting, and special hazard protection. The contents are not meant as a standalone document, but for inclusion in a building code.

NFPA. (2005). National electrical code (NFPA 70) handbook. NFPA, Quincy, Mass.: This code describes the safe installation and use of electrical equipment by consumers.

NFPA. (2006). NFPA 101: Life safety code, NFPA, Quincy, Mass.: This code addresses those egress features necessary to minimize danger to life from fire and smoke, crowd pressures, and movement of individuals and groups. It provides minimum criteria for the design of egress facilities in order to permit prompt escape of occupants from buildings or, where desirable, into safe areas within buildings.

Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC). (1990a). Federal specification sheet: Fencing, wire and post, metal (chain-link fence gates) (detail specification RR-F-191/2D), NCBC, Gulfport, Miss.: This document provides detailed requirements for chain-link fence gates and accessories.

NCBC. (1990b). Fencing, wire and post metal (and gates, chain-link fence fabric, and accessories) (general specification RR-F-191/K), NCBC, Gulfport, Miss.: This specification covers general requirements for chain-link fencing and accessories, including classifications for various parts of fencing, wire and post metal, fencing fabric, gates, posts, top rails, braces, and accessories.

NCBC. (1990c). Fencing, wire and post, metal (chain-link fence accessories) (detail specification RRF191/4D), NCBC, Gulfport, Miss.: This specification covers general requirements for chain-link fence accessories, including caps, rail sleeves, brace bands, rail and brace ends, wire ties and clips, tension wires, tension bars, truss rods, barbed wire, barbed wire support arms, and other miscellaneous accessories.

Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC). (1993a). Design guidelines for physical security of facilities (MIL-HDBK-1013/1A), Washington Navy Yard, D.C.: This manual provides guidance to ensure that appropriate physical security considerations are included in the design of general facilities. Aspects considered in this manual include the predesign phase, the assessment of physical security threats, and an overview of the design phase. Specific technical sections in the manual also describe exterior site physical security, building physical security, ballistic attack hardening, standoff weapon hardening, and bomb blast hardening.

NFESC. (1993b). Design guidelines for security fencing, gates, barriers, and guard facilities (MIL-HDBK-1013/10), Washington Navy Yard, D.C.: This military handbook provides guidance and detailed criteria for the design, selection, and installation of new security fencing, gates, barriers, and guard facilities for perimeter boundaries of Navy and Marine Corps installations or separate activities, and designated restricted areas.

NFESC. (1999). Selection and application of vehicle barriers (MIL-HDBK-1013/14), Washington Navy Yard, D.C.: This handbook provides guidance to ensure that appropriate design, operational, environmental, cost, security, and safety considerations are included in the selection process for vehicle barrier systems. Topics covered in the handbook include vehicle barrier requirements, vehicle barrier installation and design, and descriptions and data on commercially available vehicle barriers and passive barriers that can be constructed on-site.

Sandia Corporation. (2002). Risk assessment methodology for water (RAM-W), Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, N.M.: This document is a two-volume training guide used in RAM-W methodology workshops.

U.S. Code. (2009). 42 U.S.C. §300(i)(1), Office of the Law Revision Counsel, Washington, D.C.: This is U.S. Code Title 42, Section 300i-1, “Tampering with Public Water Systems.”

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). (2002). Minimum antiterrorism standards for buildings. Unified Facilities Criteria UFC 4-010-01, DoD, Washington, D.C.: The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria.

U.S. General Services Administration (GSA). (2005). Facilities standards for the public buildings service, GSA, Washington, D.C.: These design standards and criteria are to be used in the programming, design, and documentation of GSA buildings.

Water Security Working Group (WSWG). (2005). Recommendations of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on water security practices, incentives, and measures, WSWG, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.: This report presents the consensus reached by WSWG on 18 findings which (1) establish the features of active and effective security programs; (2) identify ways government and others might encourage utilities to adopt and maintain active and effective programs; and (3) suggest utility-specific and national measures of water sector security progress.

Welter, G. J. (2003). Actual and threatened security events at water utilities, Water Research Foundation (WRF), Denver, Colo.: This report documents the security incidents, threats, and hoaxes that have involved or are of direct relevance to water systems. The report includes a review of 264 incidents, classifying them by geographic region, type of attacker, mode of attack, targeted asset, and other categorizations. The report reviews the incidents and discusses specific types of contaminants and the purported motivation of the attackers.