Predicting the Environmental Impact of Structures in Regions of High Seismic Risk

Considering carbon emissions and world-wide climate change, the design of environmentally responsible structures is paramount. Structures located in regions of high seismic risk are particularly important since they are likely to experience seismic damage during their service life. The life-cycle performance and the carbon footprint of these structures are sensitive to their structural system with outcomes that are significantly more favorable when enhanced systems are used. Historically, the effects of buildings on the changing environment were evaluated based on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing building system energy use related to daily operations. Structures themselves are typically given little or no consideration for environmental effects; yet, in fact, they contribute significantly to the effects of climate change. Structures contribute to carbon emissions not only when they are built, but also over their service life, especially if they are located in regions of high seismic risk. The carbon footprint associated with the damage, repair, and partial reconstruction—or in some cases the full demolition and reconstruction—have considerable effects on the environment. Structures must not only be evaluated based on their initial cost, constructability, and material availability; they also must be evaluated based on their long-term environmental effects. A carbon footprint analysis tool that considers a comprehensive evaluation of structural systems—both prescriptive and enhanced—is presented. The analysis tool is intended to rapidly and accurately quantify the air-polluting emissions associated with the structure. Using a combination of publicly available and privately developed information, the analysis tool assesses all emissions associated with all components of a building's structural system, employing a complete life cycle assessment of the structural components, incorporating probable seismic loss and repair costs that are based on the local site seismicity and the fragility of the structural system. The tool analyzes the emissions associated with both new and existing structures in addition to performing life-cycle, loss/damage, and cost-benefit analyses.