Compaction and Strength Behavior of Tire Crumbles–Fly Ash Mixed with Clay
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 4
Abstract
Use of admixtures to improve the engineering behavior of soil is a popular ground improvement technique. Fly ash and tire crumbles are industrial wastes that can be used for the improvement of the engineering behavior of soil. In the present study the compaction and strength behaviors of kaoline clay mixed with tire waste and fly ash alone and in combined forms are studied. To evaluate the compaction behavior, a modified Proctor test was used, and for strength behavior, California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. Test results have shown that with the inclusion of fly ash and tire crumbles maximum dry density decreases and optimum moisture content increases. In cases in which fly ash and tire crumbles were used alone, a maximum of five-fold and three-fold improvement over CBR values were observed, respectively. But when both fly ash and tire crumbles were used together as admixtures, a 10-fold improvement over the CBR value of clay was observed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Akbulut, S., Arasan, S., and Kalkan, E. (2007). “Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibers.” Appl. Clay Sci., 38(1–2), 23–32.
ASTM. (1995). “Test method for CBR (California bearing ratio) of aboratory-compacted soils.” ASTM D1883-84, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test methods for particle-size distribution (gradation) of soils using sieve analysis.” ASTM D6913, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soil.” ASTM D4318, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011a). “Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” ASTM D2487, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011b). “Standard test method for dispersive characteristics of clay soil by double hydrometer.” ASTM D4221-99, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “Test method for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort.” ASTM D1557-78, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014). “Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer.” ASTM D0854, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2015). “Standard specification of coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete.” ASTM C618-08a, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bell, F. G. (1996). “Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils.” Eng. Geol., 42(4), 223–237.
Bosscher, P. J., Edil, T. B., and Kuraoka, S. (1997). “Design of highway embankments using tire chips.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 295–304.
Bowders, J. J., Jr., Uamen, M. A., and Gidley, J. S. (1987). “Stablized fly ash for use as low permeability barriers.” Geotechnical practice for waste disposal 87, R. D. Woods, ed., The Society, New York, 320–447.
Cetin, H., Fener, M., and Gunaydin, O. (2006). “Geotechnical properties of tire-cohesive clayey soil mixtures as a fill material.” Eng. Geol., 88(1–2), 110–120.
Das, T., and Singh, B. (2012). “Strength behavior of cohesive soil-fly ash-waste tire mixes.” SAITM, Research Symp. on Engineering Advancements, Malabe, Sri Lanka, 35–38.
DiGioia, A. M., and Nuzzo, W. L. (1972). “Fly ash as structural fill.” J. Power Div., 98(1), 77–92.
Edil, T. B., Acosta, H. A., and Benson, C. H. (2006). “Stabilizing soft fine-grained soils with fly ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 283–294.
Edincliler, A., Baykal, G., and Saygili, A. (2010). “Influence of different processing techniques on mechanical properties of used tires in embankment construction.” Waste Manage., 30(6), 1073–1080.
Eid, H. T., Stark, T. D., Evans, W. D., and Sherry, P. E. (2000). “Municipal solid waste slope failure: Waste and foundation soil properties.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 397–407.
Eldin, N. N., and Senouci, A. B. (1992). “Use of scrap tires in road construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage., 561–576.
Glogowski, P. E., Kelly, J. M., Mclaren, R. J., and Burns, D. L. (1972). “Fly ash design manual for road and site applications.”, GAI Consultants, Pittsburgh.
Goktepe, A. B., Sezer, A., Seze, G. I., and Ramyar, K. (2008). “Classification of time-dependent unconfined strength of fly ash treated clay.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(4), 675–683.
Gonawala, R. J., and Joshi, N. H. (2013). “Strength and fly ash-sand backfilled reinforced earth wall under surcharge strip loading.” Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi, India.
Gray, D. H., and Lin, Y. K. (1972). “Engineering properties of compacted fly ash.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(4), 361–380.
Guleria, S. P., and Dutta, R. K. (2011). “Unconfined compressive strength of fly ash-lime-gypsum composite mixed with treated tire chips.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1255–1263.
Gupta, D., and Kumar, A. (2016a). “Performance evaluation of cement–stabilized pond ash–rice husk ash–clay mixture as a highway construction material.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 9(1), 159–169.
Gupta, D., and Kumar, A. (2016b). “Strength characterization of cement stabilized and fiber reinforced clay–pond ash mixes.” Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng., 2(4), 32.
Hataf, N., and Rahimi, M. M. (2006). “Experimental investigation of bearing capacity of sand reinforced with randomly distributed tire shreds.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(10), 910–916.
Hazra, S., and Patra, N. R. (2008). “Performance of counterfort walls with reinforced granular and fly ash backfill—Experimental investigation.” Geotech. Geol. Eng., 26(3), 259–267.
Hoyos, L. R., Puppala, A. J., and Chainowat, P. (2004). “Dynamics properties of chemically stabilized sulphate rich clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 153–162.
Huang, W. H. (1990). “The use of bottom ash in highway subgrade and subbases.”, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Huang, W. H., and Lovell, C. W. (1990). “Bottom ash as embankment material.” Geotechnics of waste fills—Theory and practice, A. Landva and G. D. Knowles, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
Hunter, D. (1988). “Lime induced heave in sulfate-bearing clay soils.” J. Geotech. Eng., 150–167.
Jafari, M., and Esna-Asari, M. (2012). “Effect of waste tire cord reinforcement on unconfined compressive strength of lime stabilized clayey soil under freeze-thaw condition.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 82, 21–29.
Lal, B. R. R., and Mandal, J. N. (2012). “Feasibility study on fly ash as backfill material in cellular reinforced wall.” EJGE, 17, 1437–1458.
Lee, J. H., Salgado, R., Bernal, A., and Levell, C. W. (1999). “Shredded tire and rubber-sand as light weight backfill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132–141.
Lee, S. L., and Yong, K. Y. (1991). “Grouting in substructure construction.” Proc., 9th Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, 41–49.
Leelavathamma, B., Mini, K. M., and Pandian, N. S. (2005). “California bearing ratio behaviour of soil-stabilized Class F fly ash systems.” J. Test. Eval., 33(6), 406–410.
Leelavathamma, B., and Pandian, N. S. (2005). “Effect of Class C fly ash on California bearing ratio behaviour of soil-fly ash mixes and layered system.” J. Test. Eval., 33(2), 12225.
Maher, M. H., and Ho, Y. C. (1994). “Mechanical properties of kaolinite/fiber soil composite.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1381–1393.
Martin, J. P., Collins, R. A., Browning, J. S., and Biehl, F. J. (1990). “Properties and use of fly ashes for embankments.” J. Energy Eng., 71–86.
Martin, J. P., Flesper, A. J., and Van Keuren, E. L. (1987). “Hydrocarbon refining waste stabilization for landfills.” Geotechnical practice for waste disposal 87, R. D. Woods, ed., The Society, New York, 668–682.
Misra, A., Biswas, D., and Upadhyaya, S. (2005). “Physico-mechanical behavior of self cementing Class C fly ash-clay mixture.” Fuel, 84(11), 1410–1422.
Mitchell, J. K. (1981). “Soil improvement state of the art report.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 4, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 509–565.
Ozkul, Z. H., and Baykal, G. (2006). “Shear strength of clay with rubber fiber inclusion.” Geosynth. Int., 13(5), 173–180.
Ozkul, Z. H., and Baykal, G. (2007). “Shear behaviour of compacted rubber fiber-clay composite in drained and undrained loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 767–781.
Pandian, N. S. (2004). “Fly ash characterization with reference to geotechnical applications.” J. Indian Inst. Sci., 84(6), 189–216.
Pandian, N. S., and Krishna, K. C. (2003). “The pozzolanic effect of fly ash on the California bearing ratio of black cotton soil.” J. Test. Eval., 31(6), 1–7.
Pandian, N. S., Krishna, K. C., and Sridharan, A. (2001). “California bearing ratio behaviour of soil/fly ash mixtures.” J. Test. Eval., 29(2), 220–226.
Phanikumar, B. R., and Sharma, R. S. (2004). “Effect of fly ash an engineering properties of expansive soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 764–767.
Pranjal, B., and Singh, B. (2014). “Influence of tire buffing on shear strength of soil-fly ash mixes.” J. Environ. Res. Dev., 9(2), 402–410.
Priyadarshee, A., Gupta, D., Kumar, V., and Sharma, V. (2015). “Comparative study on performance of tire crumbles with fly ash and kaolin clay.” Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng., 1(4), 38.
Rai, A. K., Paul, B., and Singh, G. (2006). “A study on backfill properties and use of fly ash for highway embankments.” J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol., 1(2), 110–114.
Ramu, K., Baubu, R. D., Harikishore, V., Raviteja, K. V. N. S., and Lavanya, P. M. (2013). “Strength behavior of WTR reinforced lime–fly ash–expansive soil mixes.” Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., Indian Geotechnical Society, Roorkee, India, 1–6.
Raymond, S. (1958). “Utilization of pulverized fuel ash.” Civ. Eng. Public Works Rev., 53, 1013–1016.
Sherwood, P. T. (1993). Soil stabilization with cement and lime: State of the art review, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
Singh, B., and Vinot, V. (2011). “Influence of waste tire chips on strength characteristics of soil.” J. Civ. Eng. Archit., 5(9), 819–827.
SPSS version 12.0 [Computer software]. IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY.
Sridharan, A.,Pandian, N. S., and Rao, P. S. (1998). “Shear strength characteristics of some Indian fly ashes.” Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers—Ground Improvement, Vol. 2, Thomas Telford Ltd., London, 141–146.
Tooth, P. S., Chan, H. T., and Cragg, C. B. (1988). “Coal ash as structure fills, with special reference to Ontario experience.” Can. Geotech. J., 25(4), 694–704.
Tweede, J. J., Humphrey, D. N., and Sandford, T. C. (1998). “Tire shreds as light weight retaining wall backfill: Active conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1061–1070.
Uddin, K., Balasubramaniam, A. S., and Bergado, D. T. (1997). “Engineering behavior of cement treated Bangkok soft clay.” Geotech. Eng., 28(1), 89–119.
Winterkorn, H. T. (1975). Soil stabilization foundation engineering hand book, H. F. Winterkorn and F. Y. Fang, eds., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Yadav, J. S., and Tiwari, S. K. (2017). “A study on the potential utilization of crumb rubber in cement treated soft clay.” J. Build. Eng., 9, 177–191.
Youwai, S., and Bergado, D. T. (2003). “Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire–sand mixtures.” J. Can. Geotech., 40(2), 254–264.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 16, 2016
Accepted: Aug 28, 2017
Published online: Jan 18, 2018
Published in print: Apr 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jun 18, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.