Modeling of Water Pipeline Filling Events Accounting for Air Phase Interactions
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 9
Abstract
In order to avoid operational issues related to entrapped air in water transmission mains, water refilling procedures are often performed carefully to ensure no pockets remain in the conduits. Numerical models may be a useful tool to simulate filling events and assess whether air pockets are adequately ventilated. However, this flow simulation is not straightforward mainly because of the transition between free surface and pressurized flow regimes and the air pressurization that develops during the filling event. This paper presents a numerical and experimental investigation on the filling of water mains considering air pressurization aiming toward the development of a modeling framework. Two modeling alternatives to simulate the air phase were implemented, either assuming uniform air pressure in the air pocket or applying the Euler equations for discretized air phase calculations. Results compare fairly well to experimental data collected during this investigation and to an actual pipeline filling event.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the data provided by CAESB regarding the monitoring of the filling of the water main presented in this paper. The support of Auburn University in conducting this research is also acknowledged.
References
Arai, K., and Yamamoto, K. (2003). “Transient analysis of mixed free-surface-pressurized flows with modified slot model 1: Computational model and experiment.” Proc. FEDSM03 4th ASME-JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conf. Honolulu, Hawaii, Vol. 45266, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
Benjamin, T. B. (1968). “Gravity currents and related phenomena.” J. Fluid Mech., 31(02), 209–248.
Chaiko, M., and Brinckman, K. (2002). “Models for analysis of water hammer in piping with entrapped air.” J. Fluids Eng., 124(1), 194–204.
Fuertes, V., Arregui, F., Cabrera, E., and Iglesias, P. (2000). “Experimental setup of entrapped air pockets model validation.” BHRA Group Series Publication, Vol. 39, Professional Engineering Publishing, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK, 133–146.
Izquierdo, J., Fuertes, V., Cabrera, E., Iglesias, P., and Garcia-Serra, J. (1999). “Pipeline start-up with entrapped air.” J. Hydraul. Res., 37(5), 579–590.
Kalinske, A. A., and Bliss, P. H. (1943). “Removal of air from pipe lines by flowing water.” Proc. ASCE, 13(10), 480–482.
Liou, C. P., and Hunt, W. A. (1996). “Filling of pipelines with undulating elevation profiles.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 122(10), 534–539.
Little, M. J., Powell, J. C., and Clark, P. B. (2008). “Air movement in water pipelines—Some new developments.” Proc. 2008 BHRA Int. Conf. on Pressure Surges, BHR Group, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK.
Macchione, F., and Morelli, M. (2003). “Practical aspects in comparing shock-capturing schemes for dam break problems.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 129(3), 187–195.
Martin, C. S. (1976). “Entrapped air in pipelines.” Proc. Second BHRA Int. Conf. on Pressure Surges, BHRA Group, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK.
Pothof, I., and Clemens, F. (2011). “Experimental study of air-water flow in downward sloping pipes air-water flow in downward sloping pipes.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 37(3), 278–292.
Pozos, O., Sanchez, A., Rodal, E., and Fairuzov, Y. (2010). “Effects of water-air mixtures on hydraulic transients.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 37(9), 1189–1200.
Pulliam, T. H. (1981). “Characteristic boundary conditions for the Euler equations.” Proc. of Symp. on Numerical Boundary Condition Procedures NASA CP 2201, NASA Advanced Supercomputer (NAS) Division, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 165.
Sanders, B., and Bradford, S. (2011). “Network implementation of the two-component pressure approach for transient flow in storm sewers.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 137(2), 158–172.
Sturm, T. W. (2001). Open channel hydraulics, 1st Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Toro, E. (2009). Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics: A practical introduction, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Toro, E. F. (2001). Shock-capturing methods for free-surface shallow flows, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England.
Trajkovic, B., Ivetic, M., Calomino, F., and D’Ippolito, A. (1999). “Investigation of transition from free surface to pressurized flow in a circular pipe.” Water Sci. Technol., 39(9), 105–112.
Tran, P. (2011). “Propagation of pressure waves in two-component bubbly flow in horizontal pipes.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 137(6), 668–678.
Vasconcelos, J., and Wright, S. (2008). “Rapid flow startup in filled horizontal pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(7), 984–992.
Vasconcelos, J., Wright, S., and Roe, P. (2006). “Improved simulation of flow regime transition in sewers: Two-component pressure approach.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 132(6), 553–562.
Vasconcelos, J., Wright, S., and Roe, P. (2009a). “Numerical oscillations in pipe-filling bore predictions by shock-capturing models.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 135(4), 296–305.
Vasconcelos, J. G. (2007). “Modelo matemático para simulação de enchimento de adutoras de água.” Proc. 24th Brazilian Congress of Environmental and Sanitation Engineering, Brazilian Association of Sanitation Engineering (ABES), Rio de Janeiro (in Portuguese).
Vasconcelos, J. G., Moraes, J. R. S., and Gebrim, D. V. B. (2009b). “Field measurements and numerical modeling of a water pipeline filling events.” Event Proc. 33rd IAHR Congress, IAHR, Madrid, Spain.
Vasconcelos, J. G., and Wright, S. J. (2005). “Experimental investigation of surges in a stormwater storage tunnel.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 131(10), 853–861.
Vasconcelos, J., and Wright, S. (2009). “Investigation of rapid filling of poorly ventilated stormwater storage tunnels.” J. Hydraul. Res., 47(5), 547–558.
Zhou, F. F., Hicks, F. E., and Steffler, P. M. (2002). “Transient flow in a rapidly filling horizontal pipe containing trapped air.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 128(6), 625–634.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 14, 2011
Accepted: Mar 15, 2013
Published online: Mar 18, 2013
Discussion open until: Aug 18, 2013
Published in print: Sep 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.