Settlement Estimation of Piled Rafts for Initial Design
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 2
Abstract
Systematic linear-elastic finite-element analyses were performed on a series of unpiled rafts (rafts without piles), pile groups, and piled rafts with different geometries and pile configurations to determine the stiffness of these rafts, pile groups, and piled rafts. Parametric studies were performed in conjunction with regression analysis based on which equations were proposed for quick estimation of piled raft stiffness by combining the stiffnesses of unpiled rafts and pile groups. The average and maximum settlements of piled rafts were calculated using the piled raft stiffness equations. The accuracy of the proposed stiffness and settlement equations was verified and validated against other numerical and experimental results of piled rafts. The study shows that the developed equations can be used to obtain a quick initial estimate of piled raft settlement that can be used in design. The developed settlement calculation method is applicable for piled rafts of shapes and sizes similar to those considered in this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Alnuaim, A. M., H. El Naggar, and M. H. El Naggar. 2015a. “Performance of micropiled raft in clay subjected to vertical concentrated load: Centrifuge modeling.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (12): 2017–2029. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0448.
Alnuaim, A. M., H. El Naggar, and M. H. El Naggar. 2015b. “Performance of micropiled raft in sand subjected to vertical concentrated load: Centrifuge modeling.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (1): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0001.
Bowles, J. E. 1996. Foundation analysis and design. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Burland, J. B. 1995. “Piles as settlement reducers.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 19th Italian National Geotechnical Congress, 21–34. Padova, Italy: SF Editoriali.
Burland, J. B., B. B. Borms, and V. F. B. de Mello. 1977. “Behaviour of foundations and structures.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 9th Int. Conf on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 495–546. Tokyo: Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Butterfield, R., and P. K. Banerjee. 1971. “The elastic analysis of compressible piles and pile groups.” Géotechnique 21 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1971.21.1.43.
Chow, Y. K., K. Y. Yong, and W. Y. Shen. 2001. “Analysis of piled raft foundations using a variational approach.” Int. J. Geomech. 1 (2): 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2001)1:2(129).
Clancy, P., and M. F. Randolph. 1993. “An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Geomech. 17 (12): 849–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610171203.
Comodromos, E. M., M. C. Papadopoulou, and L. Laloui. 2016. “Contribution to the design methodologies of piled raft foundations under combined loadings.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (4): 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0251.
Desai, C. S. 1974. “Numerical design analysis for piles in sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 100 (GT6): 613–635.
de Sanctis, L., A. Mandolini, G. Russo, and C. Viggiani. 2002. “Some remarks on the optimum design of piled rafts.” In Vol. 116 of Deep foundations: ASCE geotechnical special publication, 405–425. Orlando, FL: International Deep Foundations Congress.
de Sanctis, L., and G. Russo. 2008. “Analysis and performance of piled rafts designed using innovative criteria.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (8): 1118–1128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:8(1118).
El-Garhy, B., A. A. Galil, A. F. Youssef, and M. A. Raia. 2013. “Behaviour of raft on settlement reducing piles: Experimental model study.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 5 (5): 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.07.005.
Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen. 1997. ABAQUS 5.7. Theory manual. Pawtucket, RI: Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen.
Hooper, J. A. 1973. “Observations on the behaviour of a pile raft foundation on London clay.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Part 2 55 (4): 855–877. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1973.4144.
Horikoshi, K., and M. F. Randolph. 1998. “A contribution to optimum design of piled rafts.” Géotechnique 48 (3): 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.3.301.
Katzenbach, R., U. Arslan, C. Moormann, and O. Reul. 1998. “Piled raft foundation—Interaction between piles and raft.” In Vol. 4 of Darmstadt geotechnics, 279–296. Darmstadt, Germany: Darmstadt Univ. of Technology.
Kuwabara, F. 1989. “An elastic analysis for piled raft foundations in a homogenous soil.” Soils Found. 29 (1): 82–92. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.82.
Lee, I. K. 1993. “Analysis and performance of raft and raft-pile foundations in a homogeneous soil.” In Proc., Int. Conf. in Case Histories of Geotechnical Engineering, 1331–1345. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Lee, J., Y. Kim, and S. Jeong. 2010. “Three-dimensional analysis of bearing behavior of piled raft on soft clay.” In Vol. 37 of Computers and geotechnics, 103–114. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Maharaj, D. K. 2003. “Load-settlement behaviour of piled raft foundation by three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 8: 1257–1263.
Mandolini, A., G. Russo, and C. Viggiani. 2005. “Pile foundations: Experimental investigations, analysis and design.” In Proc., 16th Int. Conf. in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 177–213. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Millpress.
Mendonca, A. V., and J. B. de Paiva. 2000. “A boundary element method for the static analysis of raft foundations on piles.” Eng. Anal. Boundary Elem. 24: 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-7997(00)00002-3.
Moayed, R. Z., E. Izadi, and M. Mirsepahi. 2013. “3D FE analysis of vertically loaded composite piled raft.” J. Cent. S. Univ. 20: 1713–1723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-013-1664-y.
NAVFAC (Naval Facilities Engineering Command). 1982. DM 7.01, soil mechanics. Alexandria, VA: NAVFAC.
Nguyen, D. D. C., S. B. Jo, and D. S. Kim. 2013. “Design method of piled-raft foundations under vertical load considering piled-raft interaction effects.” Comput. Geotech. 47 (Jan): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.06.007.
Park, D., and J. Lee. 2015. “Interaction effects on load carrying behavior of piled rafts embedded in clay from centrifuge tests.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (10): 1550–1561. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0336.
Poulos, H. G. 1991. “Foundation economy via piled-raft systems.” Proc., Keynote Paper of Pile Talk Int. 91, 97–106. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Poulos, H. G. 1993. “Piled rafts in swelling or consolidating soils.” J. Geotech. Eng 119 (2): 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(374).
Poulos, H. G. 1994. “An approximate numerical analysis of pile-raft interaction.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 18 (2): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610180202.
Poulos, H. G. 2001. “Piled raft foundations: Design and applications.” Geotechnique 51 (2): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.51.2.95.40292.
Poulos, H. G., and E. H. Davis. 1980. Pile foundation analysis and design. New York: Wiley.
Poulos, H. G., J. C. Small, L. D. Ta, J. Sinha, and L. Chen. 1997. “Comparison of some methods for analysis of piled rafts.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 14th ICSMFE, 1119–1124. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Rabiei, M. 2009. “Parametric study for piled raft foundations.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 14: 1–11.
Randolph, M. F. 1994. “Design methods for pile groups and piled rafts.” In Proc., XIII ICSMFE, 61–82. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Russo, G. 1998. “Numerical analysis of piled rafts.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 22 (6): 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199806)22:6%3C477::AID-NAG931%3E3.0.CO;2-H.
Russo, G. 2004. “Full scale load tests on instrumented micropiles.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 157 (3): 127–135.
Russo, G. 2018. “Analysis and design of pile foundations under vertical load: An overview.” R.I.G. Ital. Geotech. J. 52 (2): 52–71. https://doi.org/10.19199/2018.2.0557-1405.52.
Russo, G., V. Abagnara, H. G. Poulos, and J. C. Small. 2013. “Re-assessment of foundation settlements for the Burj Khalifa, Dubai.” Acta Geotech. 8 (1): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0193-4.
Russo, G., and C. Viggiani. 1998. “Factors controlling soil-structure interaction for piled rafts.” Darmstadt Geotech. 2 (4): 297–321.
Singh, N. T., and B. Singh. 2016. “Performance of single pile and group piles in piled raft analysis based on the elastic approach.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 21 (24): 7871–7883.
Timoshenko, S., and J. N. Goodier. 1951. Theory of elasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Turhan, A. 1992. “A consistent Vlasov model for analysis on plates on elastic foundation using the finite element method.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech Univ.
Vallabhan, C. V., W. T. Straughan, and Y. C. Das. 1991. “Refined model for analysis of plates on elastic foundations.” J. Eng. Mech. 117 (12): 2830–2843. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Wang, A. 1996. Three dimensional finite element analysis of pile groups and piled-rafts.” Ph.D. dissertation, School of Engineering, Univ. of Manchester.
Yamashita, K., T. Yamada, and J. Hamada. 2011. “Investigation of settlement and load sharing on piled rafts by monitoring full scale structures.” Soils Found. 51 (3): 513–532. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.513.
Zhuang, G. M., I. K. Lee, and X. H. Zhao. 1991. “Interactive analysis of behaviour of raft-pile foundations.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Geo-Coast ’91, 759–764. Yokohama, Japan: Coastal Development Institute of Technology.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 25, 2019
Accepted: Aug 23, 2019
Published online: Nov 27, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Apr 27, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.