Sydney Soil Model. II: Experimental Validation
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEPublication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 11, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper presents simulations of the mechanical behavior of reconstituted and natural soils using a new model presented in a companion paper and referred to as the “Sydney soil model.” It is demonstrated that the performance of the proposed model is essentially the same as that of modified Cam clay model when describing the behavior of clays in laboratory reconstituted states. The model has also been employed to simulate the drained and undrained behavior of structured clays and sands, including calcareous clay and sand. Five sets of conventional triaxial tests and one set of true triaxial tests have been considered. It is demonstrated that the new model provides satisfactory qualitative and quantitative modeling of many important features of the behavior of structured soils, particularly in capturing various patterns of the stress and strain behavior associated with soil type and structure. A general discussion of the model parameters is also included. It is concluded that the Sydney soil model is suitable for representing the behavior of many soils if their ultimate state during shearing can be defined by an intrinsic and constant stress ratio and a unique relationship between mean effective stress and voids ratio, i.e., a unique curve.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Some of the work described here formed part of the research program of the Special Research Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, established and supported under the Australian Research Council’s Research Centres ProgramARC. In addition, Discovery Grants from the Australian Research CouncilARC for research into structured soil behavior are also gratefully acknowledged.
References
Alawi, M. M. (1988). “Experimental and analytical modelling of sand behaviour under nonproportional loading.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder.
Arces, M., Nocilla, N., Aversa, S., and Cicero, G. L. (1998). “Geological and geotechnical features of the Calcarenite di Marsala.” The geotechnics of hard soils–soft rocks, A. Evangelista and L. Picarelli, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 15–25.
Bishop, A. W., Webb, D. L., and Lewin, P. I. (1965). “Undisturbed samples of London clay from the Ashford Common shaft: Strength-effective stress relationship.” Géotechnique, 15(1), 1–13.
Burland, J. B. (1990). “On the compressibility and shear strength of natural soils.” Géotechnique, 40(3), 329–378.
Carter, J. P., Airey, D. W., and Fahey, M. (2000). “A review of laboratory testing of calcareous soils.” Engineering for Calcareous Sediments, K. A. Al-Shafei, ed., Vol. 2, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 401–431.
Desai, C. S. (2001). Mechanics of materials and interfaces: The disturbed state concept, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Desai, C. S., Somasundaram, S., and Frantziskonis, G. (1986). “A hierarchical approach for constitutive modelling of geologic materials.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 10, 225–257.
Diaz-Rodriguez, J. A., Leroueil, S., and Aleman, J. D. (1992). “Yielding of Mexico City clay and other natural clays.” J. Geotech. Eng., 118(7), 981–995.
Frantziskonis, G., and Desai, C. S. (1987). “Constitutive model with strain softening.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 23(6), 733–750.
Georgiannou, V. N., Burland, J. B., and Hight, D. W. (1993). “The behaviour of two hard clays in direct shear.” Geotechnical engineering of hard soils–soft rocks, A. Anagnostopoulos, ed., Vol. 1, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 501–507.
Graham, J., and Li, C. C. (1985). “Comparison of natural and remoulded plastic clay.” J. Geotech. Eng., 111(7), 865–881.
Horpibulsuk, S., Liu, M. D., Liyanapathirana, S., and Suebsook, J. (2010). “Behaviour of cemented clay simulated via the theoretical framework of the SCC model.” Comput. Geotech., 37(1), 1–9.
Houlsby, G. T., Wroth, C. P., and Wood, D. M. (1982). “Prediction of the results of laboratory tests on a clay using a critical state model.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Constitutive Behaviour of Soils, G. Gudehus, F. Darve, and I. Vardoulakis, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 99–121.
Ishihara, K. (1993). “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.” Géotechnique, 43(3), 351–415.
Jardine, R. J., Gens, A., Hight, D. W., and Coop, M. R. (2004). “Development in understanding soil behaviour.” Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: The Skempton Conference, R. J. Jardine, D. M. Potts, and K. G. Higgins, eds., Vol. 1, Thomas Telford, London, 103–248.
Khalili, N., and Liu, M. D. (2008). “On generalisation of constitutive models from two dimensions to three dimensions.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 32, 2045–2065.
Kolymbas, D., and Wu, W. (1990). “Recent results of triaxial tests with granular materials.” Powder Technol., 60, 99–119.
Lacasse, S., Berre, T., and Lefebvre, G. (1985). “Block sampling of sensitive clays.” Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, Taylor & Francis, London, 887–892.
Ladd, C. C., Foott, R., Ishihara, K., Schlosser, F., and Poulos, H. G. (1977). “Stress-deformation and strength characteristics.” Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Vol. 2, 421–494.
Lade, P. V., and Musante, H. M. (1978). “Three-dimensional behaviour of remoulded clay.” J. Geotech. Eng., 104(2), 193–209.
Lagioia, R., and Nova, R. (1995). “An experimental and theoretical study of the behaviour of a calcarenite in triaxial compression.” Géotechnique, 45(4), 633–648.
Leroueil, S., and Vaughan, P. R. (1990). “The general and congruent effects of structure in natural soils and weak rocks.” Géotechnique, 40(3), 467–488.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (1999). “Virgin compression of structured soils.” Géotechnique, 49(1), 43–57.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2000a). “Modelling the destructuring of soils during virgin compression.” Géotechnique, 50(4), 479–483.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2000b). “On the volumetric deformation of reconstituted soils.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 24(2), 101–133.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2002). “Structured Cam clay model.” Can. Geotech. J., 39(6), 1313–1332.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2003a). “A general strength criterion for geo-materials.” Int. J. Geomech., 3(2), 253–259.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2003b). “The volumetric deformation of natural clays.” Int. J. Geomech., 3(2), 236–252.
Liu, M. D., Carter, J. P., and Airey, D. W. (2011). “Sydney soil model. I: Theoretical formulation.” Int. J. Geomech., 11(3), 211–224.
Liu, M. D., Carter, J. P., and Desai, C. S. (2003). “Modelling the compression behaviour of geo-materials.” Int. J. Geomech., 3(2), 191–204.
Liu, M. D., Hull, T. S., and Carter, J. P. (2000). “Compression behaviour of sands.” Research Rep. No. 801, Sydney Univ., Sydney, Australia.
Liu, M. D., and Indraratna, B. N. (2011). “General strength criterion for geomaterials including anisotropic effect.” Int. J. Geomech., 11(3), 251–262.
Lo, K. Y. (1972). “An approach to the problem of progressive failure.” Can. Geotech. J., 9(4), 407–429.
Masin, D. (2007). “A hypoplastic constitutive model for clays with meta-stable structure.” Can. Geotech. J., 44(3), 363–375.
Matsuoka, H., and Nakai, T. (1982). “A new failure criterion for soils in three dimensional stress.” Proc., IUTAM Conf. on Deformation and Failure of Granular Materials, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 253–263.
Muir-Wood, D. (1990). Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Muir-Wood, D., Belkheir, K., and Liu, D. F. (1994). “Strain softening and state parameter for sand modelling.” Géotechnique, 44(2), 335–339.
O’Rourke, T. D., and Crespo, E. (1988). “Geotechnical properties of cemented volcanic soil.” J. Geotech. Eng., 114(10), 1126–1147.
Potts, D. M., and Zdravkovic, L. (1999). Finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering: Theory, Thomas Telford, London.
Poulos, H. G., Uesugi, M., and Young, G. S. (1982). “Strength and deformation properties of Bass Strait carbonate sands.” Geotech. Eng., 15, 189–211.
Robinet, J. C., Pakzad, M., Jullien, A., and Plas, F. (1999). “A general modelling of expansive and non-expansive clays.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 23, 1319–1335.
Rouainia, M., and Muir Wood, D. (2000). “A kinematic hardening model for natural clays with loss of structure.” Géotechnique, 50(2), 153–164.
Schofield, A. N. (1980). “Cambridge centrifuge operations.” Géotechnique, 30(3), 227–268.
Sitharam, T. G., Vinod, J. S., and Ravishakar, B. V. (2009). “Post-liquefaction undrained monotonic behaviour of sands: Experiments and DEM simulations.” Géotechnique, 59(9), 739–749.
Vaughan, P. R. (1994). “Assumption, prediction and reality in geotechnical engineering.” Géotechnique, 44(4), 573–609.
Wong, R. C. K. (1998). “Swelling and softening behaviour of La Biche shale.” Can. Geotech. J., 35, 206–221.
Yamada, Y. (1979). “Deformation characteristics of loose sand under three dimensional stress conditions.” Ph.D. thesis, Tokyo Univ., Tokyo.
Yamada, Y., and Ishihara, K. (1982). “Yielding of loose sand in three dimensional stress conditions.” Soils Found., 22(3), 15–31.
Yildiz, A., Karstunen, M., and Krenn, H. (2009). “Effect of anisotropy and destructuration on behavior of Haarajoki test embankment.” Int. J. Geomech., 9(4), 153–168.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 11 • Issue 3 • June 2011
Pages: 225 - 238
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 10, 2010
Accepted: Jul 18, 2010
Published online: Jul 31, 2010
Published in print: Jun 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.