Causes of Failure and Strengthening Measures of a Pile Foundation Supporting Transmission Line Tower
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35, Issue 4
Abstract
The present paper describes the failure of an under-reamed pile foundation supporting a transmission line tower. Assessment of in-service pile conditions, i.e., in-built length, depth of bulb, uniformity of cross-sectional area, and length of the pile, are estimated through low strain integrity test. Integrity test results reveal that improper bulb formation and shorter as-built length than the designed are the leading causes of failure. Different performance criteria (uplift, compressive, and lateral capacities) of the in-service pile foundation are estimated through extensive finite element analysis and conventional approaches. Different geometric characteristics, i.e., straight shaft, different diameter of the bulb, and pile length, are simulated to represent the in-service pile conditions in the field. The estimated performance criteria are compared with the initial design values to evaluate the required degree of strengthening measures. The paper presents the initial design criteria of pile, soil condition, low strain integrity test, finite element modeling, and strengthening measures of the pile foundation to ensure the long-term stability of the transmission tower.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Director of CSIR–CBRI for providing the environment, encouragement, support, and facilities for the completion of this study. The authors are also thankful to Punjab State Transmission Cooperation Limited (PSTCL, Punjab) for sponsoring the project and providing all the necessary supports during the course of the study. The authors are also thankful to the different staff of CSIR–CBRI for their kind help during the study.
References
Amiri, S. 2008. “The earthquake response of bridge pile foundations to liquefaction induced lateral spread displacement demands.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of the Graduate School, Univ. of Southern California.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1980. Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations. Manek Bhawan, Old Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2010. Design and construction of pile foundations—Code of practice. Manek Bhawan, Old Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Design and construction of pile foundations—Code of practice. Manek Bhawan, Old Delhi: BIS.
Bowles, J. E. 1988. Foundation analysis and design. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J., and W. M. Swolfs. 2007a. “Material models manual.” In Plaxis 3D foundation version 2. Netherlands: PLAXIS BV.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J., and W. M. Swolfs. 2007b. “Scientific manual.” In Plaxis 3D foundation version 2. Netherlands: PLAXIS BV.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J., and W. M. Swolfs. 2007c. “Reference manual.” In Plaxis 3D foundation version 2. Netherlands: PLAXIS BV.
Chummar, A. V. 2008. “Case studies of failure of cast-in-situ piles.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, 6. Rolla, MO: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Fang, S.-J., S. Roy, and J. Kramer. 1999. “Transmission structures.” In Structural engineering handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ishihara, K., and M. Cubrinovski. 2004. “Case studies of pile foundations undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied deposits.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Case History in Geotechnical Engineering. Rolla, MO: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Kheradi, H., Y. Morikawa, G. Ye, and F. Zhang. 2019. “Liquefaction-induced buckling failure of group-pile foundation and countermeasure by partial ground improvement.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (5): 04019020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001379.
Lee, J. H., Y. Kim, and S. Jeong. 2010. “Three-dimensional analysis of bearing behavior of piled raft on soft clay.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (1–2): 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.07.009.
Li, J., X. Xie, Q. Zhang, P. Fang, and W. Wang. 2014. “Distress evaluation and remediation for a high-rise building with pile-raft foundation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (4): 04014005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000503.
Ni, S. H., L. Lehmann, J. J. Charng, and K. F. Lo. 2006. “Low-strain integrity testing of drilled piles with high slenderness ratio.” Comput. Geotech. 33 (6–7): 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.08.001.
Ni, S. H., K. F. Lo, L. Lehmann, and Y. H. Huang. 2008. “Time-frequency analyses of pile-integrity testing using wavelet transform.” Comput. Geotech. 35 (4): 600–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.09.003.
Paikowsky, S. G., and L. R. Chernauskas. 2003. “Review of deep foundations integrity testing techniques and case histories.” In Proc., BSCES Geo-Institute Deep Foundation Seminar, P30. Boston: Boston Society of Civil Engineers Section.
Peter, J. A., N. Lakshmanan, and P. Devadas Manoharan. 2006. “Investigations on the static behavior of self-compacting concrete under-reamed piles.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 18 (3): 408–414. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:3(408).
Prakash, C., P. C. Rastogi, and A. K. Sharma. 1993. “Assessment of shape and quality of bored concrete piles by integrity testing.” Indian Geotech. J. 23 (2): 213–234.
Rao, N. Prasad, G. S. Knight, N. Lakshmanan, and N. R. Iyer. 2010. “Investigation of transmission line tower failures.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 17 (5): 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.01.008.
Rayhani, M. H., and M. H. El Naggar. 2008. “Numerical modeling of seismic response of rigid foundation on soft soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 8 (6): 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:6(336).
Samanta, M., and R. Bhowmik. 2019. “3D numerical analysis of piled raft foundation in stone column improved soft soil.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 13 (5): 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1368139.
Samanta, M., A. Dwivedi, P. Mohanty, A. Pain, and M. Sharma. 2016a. “Condition assessment of pile foundation through low strain pile integrity test: A case study.” In Proc., of the Indian Geotechnical Conf. New Delhi, India: Indian Geotechnical Society.
Samanta, M., A. Dwivedi, P. Mohanty, A. Pain, and M. Sharma. 2016b. “Investigation on causes of failure and design of remedial measures of pile foundation supporting transmission line tower.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, IISc Bangalore. Bangalore, India: Indian Institute of Science.
Wang, W. D., Q. Li, Y. Hu, J. W. Shi, and C. W. W. Ng. 2017. “Field investigation of collapse of 13-story high-rise residential building in Shanghai.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (4): 04017012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001005.
Wei, X., Q. Q. Wang, and J. J. Wang. 2008. “Damage patterns and failure mechanisms of bridge pile foundation under earthquake.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35 • Issue 4 • August 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 29, 2020
Accepted: Jan 25, 2021
Published online: May 27, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 27, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.