Distribution of Rework Issues in Various Reinforced Concrete Building Components
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35, Issue 4
Abstract
The need to avoid rework or rectification, even before a facility is put into operation, cannot be overemphasized. Rework can be studied from two points of view: (1) its root causes, focusing on individual managerial issues such as worker training, coordination issues, and so forth; and (2) its distribution in the various components of the facility being constructed. Although the former has been studied quite extensively, little information is available about the latter. Addressing this gap and concentrating on building construction, this study presents the relative ranking of and the correlation among four activity-specific causes of rework, namely rework arising due to inappropriate concreting, reinforcement placement, shuttering, and scaffolding in five components of reinforced cement concrete construction in buildings, i.e., beams and slabs, columns, walls, staircases, and footings. The analysis was based on responses from more than 100 professionals and the use of statistical tools like relative importance index, the margin of error, ANOVA, Spearman’s coefficient of correlation, and structural equation modeling. It was found that whereas columns are the most critical components for rework for inappropriate concreting, beams and slabs were identified as the most critical component for rework due to inappropriate reinforcement placement, inappropriate formwork placement, and scaffolding work. Furthermore, the correlation studies exhibited poor correlation among the different building components and different activity-specific causes of rework, which implies that stakeholders need to develop activity-specific strategies for every component to reduce rework. In the future, the conclusions obtained from the study can be verified by recording and analyzing the events of rework in building construction projects.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Abdelsalam, H. M. E., and M. M. Gad. 2009. “Cost of quality in Dubai: An analytical case study of residential construction projects.” Int. J. Project Manage. 27 (5): 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.07.006.
Abdul-Rahman, H. 1993. “Capturing the cost of quality failures in civil engineering.” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manage. 10 (3): 20–32.
Abdul-Rahman, H., P. A. Thompson, and I. L. Whyte. 1996. “Capturing the cost of non-conformance on construction sites: An application of the quality cost matrix.” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manage. 13 (1): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656719610108314.
Abdul-Rahman, H., C. Wang, and J. B. H. Yap. 2016. “Impacts of design changes on construction project performance: Insights from a literature review.” J. Quantity Surv. Constr. Bus. 7 (1): 31–54.
Alwi, S., H. Keith, and M. Sherif. 2001. “Effect of quality supervision on rework in the Indonesian context.” Asia Pac. Build. Constr. Manage. J. 6 (1): 2–6.
Azhar, S. 2017. “Role of visualization technologies in safety planning and management at construction jobsites.” Procedia Eng. 171: 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.329.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1987. Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing. SP 34. New Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1999. Falsework for concrete structures—Guidelines. IS 14687. New Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete—Code of practice. IS 456. New Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2008. High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement. IS 1786. New Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2016a. Ductile design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces—Code of practice. IS 13920. New Delhi: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2016b. National building code of India. SP 7. New Delhi: BIS.
Bryde, D., M. Broquetas, and J. M. Volm. 2013. “The project benefits of Building Information Modelling (BIM).” Int. J. Project Manage. 31 (7): 971–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.001.
Burati, J. L., J. J. Farrington, and W. B. Ledbetter. 1992. “Causes of quality deviations in design and construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 118 (1): 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1992)118:1(34).
Chen, Y. Q., Y. B. Zhang, J. Y. Liu, and P. Mo. 2012. “Interrelationships among critical success factors of construction projects based on the structural equation model.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 28 (3): 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000104.
Cho, K., T.-H. Hong, and C. Hyun. 2009. “Effect of project characteristics on project performance in construction projects based on structural equation model.” Expert Syst. Appl. 36 (7): 10461–10470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.01.032.
Cochran, W. G. 1977. Sampling techniques. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
Ding, Z., and F. Ng. 2007. “Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of McAllister’s trust scale.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 25 (11): 1107–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190701670357.
Doloi, H., A. Sawhney, and K. C. Iyer. 2012. “Structural equation model for investigating factors affecting delay in Indian construction projects.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 30 (10): 869–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2012.717705.
Dutta, B. N. 2004. Estimating and costing in civil engineering: Theory and practice. Chennai, India: UBS Publisher’s Distributors.
Garg, S., K. K. Bajpai, and S. Misra. 2020. “Rectification of a large vertical wall surface for flatness.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2020-0055.
Gupta, M., A. Hasan, A. K. Jain, and K. N. Jha. 2018. “Site amenities and workers’ welfare factors affecting workforce productivity in Indian construction projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 144 (11): 04018101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001566.
Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2014. Multivariate data analysis. London: Pearson.
Heravi, G., and A. Jafari. 2014. “Cost of quality evaluation in mass-housing projects in developing countries.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 140 (5): 04014004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000837.
Hinkle, D. E., W. Wiersma, and S. G. Jurs. 2002. Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hooper, H., J. Coughlan, and M. R. Mullen. 2008. “Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit.” Electron. J. Bus. Res. Methods 6 (1): 53–60.
Hulley, S. B., S. R. Cummings, W. S. Browner, D. G. Grady, and T. B. Newman. 2001. Designing clinical research. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hutzschenreuter, T., I. Kleindienst, and S. Lange. 2014. “Added psychic distance stimuli and MNE performance: Performance effects of added cultural, governance, geographic, and economic distance in MNEs’ international expansion.” J. Int. Manage. 20 (1): 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2013.02.003.
Hwang, B.-G., and S. Yang. 2014. “Rework and schedule performance: A profile of incidence, impact, causes and solutions.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 21 (2): 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2012-0101.
Inayat, A., H. Melhem, and A. Esmaeily. 2015. “Critical success factors in an agency construction management environment.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 141 (1): 06014010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000921.
Jha, K. N. 2017. Formwork for concrete structures. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Josephson, P.-E., and Y. Hammarlund. 1999. “The causes and costs of defects in construction: A study of seven building projects.” Autom. Constr. 8 (6): 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-5805(98)00114-9.
Josephson, P.-E., B. Larsson, and H. Li. 2002. “Illustrative benchmarking rework and rework costs in Swedish construction industry.” J. Manage. Eng. 18 (2): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2002)18:2(76).
Kazaz, A., M. T. Birgonul, and S. Ulubeyli. 2005. “Cost-based analysis of quality in developing countries: A case study of building projects.” Build. Environ. 40 (10): 1356–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.11.010.
KPMG (Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler). 2016. Urban Indian real estate: Promising opportunities. India: KPMG.
Krishnan, S. K. 2006. “Increasing the visibility of hidden failure cost.” Measuring Bus. Excellence 10 (4): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/13683040610719290.
Liu, X.-L., W.-F. Chen, and M. D. Bowman. 1986. “Shore-slab interaction in concrete buildings.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 112 (2): 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1986)112:2(227).
Lopez, R., P. E. D. Love, D. J. Edwards, and P. R. Davis. 2010. “Design error classification, causation, and prevention in construction engineering.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 24 (4): 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000116.
Love, P. E. D. 2002. “Influence of project type and procurement method on rework costs in building construction projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 128 (1): 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2002)128:1(18).
Love, P. E. D., and D. J. Edwards. 2004. “Forensic project management: The underlying causes of rework in construction projects.” Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst. 21 (3): 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286600412331295955.
Love, P. E. D., Z. Irani, and D. J. Edwards. 2004. “A rework reduction model for construction projects.” IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. 51 (4): 426–440. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2004.835092.
Love, P. E. D., and H. Li. 2000. “Quantifying the causes and costs of rework in construction.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 18 (4): 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190050024897.
Love, P. E. D., P. Teo, and J. Morrison. 2018. “Revisiting quality failure costs in construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 144 (2): 05017020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001427.
Malhotra, S., K. Sivakumar, and P. Zhu. 2009. “Distance factors and target market selection: the moderating effect of market potential.” Int. Marketing Rev. 26 (6): 651–673. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330911001332.
Mehta, P. K., and P. J. M. Monteiro. 2003. Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Molenaar, K., S. Washington, and J. Diekmann. 2000. “Structural equation model of construction contract dispute potential.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 126 (4): 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2000)126:4(268).
Musso, F., and B. Francioni. 2012. “How do smaller firms select foreign markets?” Int. J. Marketing Stud. 4 (6): 44–53.
Neville, A. M. 2011. Properties of concrete. London: Pearson.
Oyewobi, L. O., A. A. Oke, B. O. Ganiyu, A. A. Shittu, R. B. Isa, and L. Nwokobia. 2011. “The effect of project types on the occurrence of rework in expanding economy.” J. Civ. Eng. Constr. Technol. 2 (6): 119–124.
Palaneeswaran, E., P. E. D. Love, M. M. Kumaraswamy, and T. S. T. Ng. 2008. “Mapping rework causes and effects using artificial neural networks.” Build. Res. Inf. 36 (5): 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210802128269.
Park, S. H. 2003. Six sigma for quality and productivity promotion. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.
Patel, D. A., and K. N. Jha. 2016. “Structural equation modeling for relationship-based determinants of safety performance in construction projects.” J. Manage. Eng. 32 (6): 05016017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000457.
Pillai, S. U., and D. Menon. 2003. Reinforced concrete design. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rounce, G. 1998. “Quality, waste and cost considerations in architectural building design management.” Int. J. Project Manage. 16 (2): 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(97)00042-2.
Schiffauerova, A., and V. Thomson. 2006. “A review of research on cost of quality models and best practices.” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manage. 23 (6): 647–669. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710610672470.
Schreiber, J. B., A. Nora, F. K. Stage, E. A. Barlow, and J. King. 2006. “Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review.” J. Educ. Res. 99 (6): 323–338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338.
Song, G., H. Gu, and H. Li. 2012. “Application of the piezoelectric materials for health monitoring in civil engineering: An overview.” In Proc., 9th Biennial Conf. on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Tripathi, K. K., and K. N. Jha. 2018. “Determining success factors for a construction organization: A structural equation modeling approach.” J. Manage. Eng. 34 (1): 04017050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000569.
Wong, P. S. P., and S. O. Cheung. 2005. “Structural equation model of trust and partnering success.” J. Manage. Eng. 21 (2): 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2005)21:2(70).
Yap, J. B. H., J. Rou Chong, M. Skitmore, and W. P. Lee. 2020. “Rework causation that undermines safety performance during production in construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (9): 04020106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001902.
Ye, G., Z. Jin, B. Xia, and M. Skitmore. 2014. “Analyzing causes for reworks in construction projects in China.” J. Manage. Eng. 31 (6): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000347.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35 • Issue 4 • August 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 3, 2020
Accepted: Feb 2, 2021
Published online: May 20, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 20, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.