Experimental Investigation of Pullout Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcements in Sand
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 19, Issue 3
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and strips are potential alternatives to conventional soil reinforcements. In this aspect, two commonly used FRP materials are glass-FRP and carbon-FRP (GFRP and CFRP). However, the differences in pullout behavior between soil-embedded GFRP and CFRP rods, and conventional steel bars, are not well understood. This paper describes the results of an experimental study that was conducted to investigate the behavior of FRP bar/strip-sand interfaces under low normal pressure. A series of pullout tests were performed on GFRP and CFRP bars and strips buried in sand. A simple model using the ideal elastoplastic interface shear stress-strain relationship is proposed to simulate the pullout behavior of the FRP reinforcements. The progressive pullout process and the evolution of interface shear stress distribution are obtained from the proposed model. The experimental and analytical results show that, in comparison with CFRP and steel reinforcements, the GFRP reinforcement has a more nonlinear and nonuniform distribution of interface shear stress, and the pullout is more progressive. The differences in Young’s modulus and interface shear coefficient lead to the different pullout behaviors of these three materials. The reduced Young’s modulus gives GFRP reinforcements a risk of excessive tensile elongation and bending deflection. The test results show that the progressive pullout behavior is also governed by the reinforcement dimensions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The financial support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41302217 and 41230636) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2011CB710605) are gratefully acknowledged. The assistance provided by Yang You, Yu-Cheng Wei, and Tao Xu, all of Nanjing University, in the laboratory tests is also acknowledged. Special thanks are given to Dr. Sue Struthers for correcting this paper with respect to written English.
References
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440. (2006). “Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
ASTM. (1992). “Standard test method for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system).” D2487-90, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bakis, C., et al. (2002). “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review.” J. Compos. Constr., 73–87.
Benmokrane, B., Xu, H., and Bellavance, E. (1996). “Bond strength of cement grouted glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) anchor bolts.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 33(5), 455–465.
Cheng, Y. M., et al. (2009). “New soil nail material—Pilot study of grouted GFRP pipe nails in Korea and Hong Kong.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 93–102.
Chu, L. M., and Yin, J. H. (2005). “Comparison of interface shear strength of soil nails measured by both direct shear box tests and pullout tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1097–1107.
Fahmy, M. F. M., and Wu, Z. (2010). “Evaluating and proposing models of circular concrete columns confined with different FRP composites.” Composites Part B, 199–213.
Frost, J. D., and Han, J. (1999). “Behavior of interfaces between fiber-reinforced polymers and sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 633–640.
Hong, Y. S., Wu, C. S., and Yang, S. H. (2003). “Pullout resistance of single and double nails in a model sandbox.” Can. Geotech. J., 40(5), 1039–1047.
Jewell, R. A., and Pedley, M. J. (1990). “Soil nailing design: The role of bending stiffness.” Ground Eng., 23(2), 30–36.
Junaideen, S. M., Tham, L. G., Law, K. T., Lee, C. F., and Yue, Z. Q. (2004). “Laboratory study of soil nail interaction in loose, completely decomposed granite.” Can. Geotech. J., 41(2), 274–286.
Kishida, H., and Uesugi, M. (1987). “Tests of the interface between sand and steel in the simple shear apparatus.” Geotechnique, 37(1), 45–52.
Lee, K. M., and Manjunath, V. R. (2000). “Soil-geotextile interface friction by direct shear tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 37(1), 238–252.
Li, G. W., Ni, C., Pei, H. F., Ge, W. M., and Ng, C. W. W. (2013). “Stress relaxation of grouted entirely large diameter B-GFRP soil nail.” Chin. Ocean Eng., 27(4), 495–508.
Luo, S. Q., Tan, S. A., and Yong, K. Y. (2000). “Pull-out resistance mechanism of a soil nail reinforcement in dilative soils.” Soils Found., 40(1), 47–56.
Milligan, G. W. E., and Tei, K. (1998). “The pull-out resistance of model soil nails.” Soils Found., 38(2), 179–190.
Miyata, K. (1996). “Walls reinforced with fiber reinforced plastic geogrids in Japan.” Geosynth. Int., 3(1), 1–11.
O’Rourke, T. D., Druschel, S. J., and Netravali, A. N. (1990). “Shear strength characteristics of sand-polymer interfaces.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 451–469.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., and Akin, E. (2012). “Behavior of FRP-confined normal- and high-strength concrete under cyclic axial compression.” J. Compos. Constr., 451–463.
Palmeira, E. M., and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989). “Scale and other factors affecting the results of pullout tests of grids buried in sand.” Geotechnique, 39(3), 511–542.
Pei, H., Yin, J., Zhu, H., and Hong, C. (2013). “Performance monitoring of a glass fiber-reinforced polymer bar soil nail during laboratory pullout test using FBG sensing technology.” Int. J. Geomech., 467–472.
Sakr, M., El Naggar, M. H., and Nehdi, M. (2005). “Interface characteristics and laboratory constructability tests of novel fiber-reinforced polymer/concrete piles.” J. Compos. Constr., 274–283.
Sawicki, A. (1998). “Modelling of geosynthetic reinforcement in soil retaining walls.” Geosynth. Int., 5(3), 327–345.
Sawicki, A., and Kazimierowicz-Frankowska, K. (1998). “Creep behaviour of geosynthetics.” Geotext. Geomembr., 365–382.
Schlosser, F., and Elias, V. (1978). “Friction in reinforced earth.” Proc., ASCE Symp. Earth Reinforcement, ASCE, Reston, VA, 735–763.
Shiu, H. Y., and Cheung, R. W. (2008). “Long-term durability of steel soil nails in Hong Kong.” HKIE Trans., 15(3), 24–32.
Tan, S. A., Ooi, P. H., Park, T. S., and Cheang, W. L. (2008). “Rapid pullout test of soil nail.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1327–1338.
Teng, J. G., Chen, J. F., Smith, S. T., and Lam, L. (2002). FRP: Strengthened RC structures, Wiley-VCH, New York.
Toufigh, V., Desai, C., Saadatmanesh, H., Toufigh, V., Ahmari, S., and Kabiri, E. (2013). “Constitutive modeling and testing of interface between backfill soil and fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP).” Int. J. Geomech., 04014009.
Toufigh, V., Saeid, F., Toufigh, V., Ouria, A., Desai, C. S., and Saadatma-nesh, H. (2014). “Laboratory study of soil-CFRP interaction using pull-out test.” Geomech. Geoeng., 9(3), 208–214.
Wu, Z., and Diab, H. (2007). “Constitutive model for time-dependent behavior of FRP–concrete interface.” J. Compos. Constr., 477–486.
Yeung, A., Cheng, Y., Tham, L., Au, A., So, S., and Choi, Y. (2007). “Field evaluation of a glass-fiber soil reinforcement system.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 26–34.
Yin, J. H., and Su, L. J. (2006). “An innovative laboratory box for testing nail pull-out resistance in soil.” Geotech. Test. J. 29(6), 451–461.
Yin, J. H., and Zhou, W. H. (2009). “Influence of grouting pressure and overburden stress on the interface resistance of a soil nail.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1198–1208.
Zhang, B., and Benmokrane, B. (2002). “Pullout bond properties of fiber-reinforced polymer tendons to grout.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 399–408.
Zhang, C. C., Xu, Q., Zhu, H. H., Shi, B., and Yin, J. H. (2014). “Evaluations of load-deformation behavior of soil nail using hyperbolic pullout model.” Geomech. Eng., 6(3), 277–292.
Zhang, S. S., Teng, J. G., and Yu, T. (2013). “Bond–slip model for CFRP strips near-surface mounted to concrete.” Eng. Struct., 56(5), 945–953.
Zheng, J. J., and Dai, J. G. (2014). “Analytical solution for the full-range pull-out behavior of FRP ground anchors.” Constr. Build. Mater., 58, 129–137.
Zhu, H. H., Yin, J. H., Yeung, A. T., and Jin, W. (2011). “Field pullout testing and performance evaluation of GFRP soil nails.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 633–642.
Zhu, H. H., Zhang, C. C., Shi, B., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, D. J. (2012). “Physical modelling of time-dependent pullout behavior associated with GFRP anchor.” J. Eng. Geol., 20(5), 862–867.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 19 • Issue 3 • June 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 28, 2014
Accepted: Aug 1, 2014
Published online: Sep 8, 2014
Discussion open until: Feb 8, 2015
Published in print: Jun 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.