Growth and Decay of Estuary Ice Cover
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 20, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper presents a new vertical 1D finite-element model to simulate the growth and decay of an ice cover (columnar ice, snow ice, slush, and snow cover consolidation) over a winter season in a partially mixed mesotidal estuary. In this study, we present, discuss, and validate boundary conditions as well as test and optimize the numerical model. Predictions from the model were assessed against field observations of ice thicknesses and internal temperatures taken over . This paper explains why ice in the estuary is almost completely composed of freshwater. We demonstrate how a columnar ice sheet grows over the first half of the winter season and is then melted from underneath during the second half of winter, especially where currents are strong. We also demonstrate that significant snow ice may form over the second half of winter if the ice cover survives long enough by resisting mechanical breakup of spring tides in March.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
We thank Benoît Maisonneuve (Hydro-Québec) and Céline Bourrel (Laval U.) for help in the field; Suying Xing, and Masoud Hessami (Laval) for help with the hydrodynamic modeling. Funding for the study was provided by Hydro-Québec and the Government of Québec (FQRNT program). We appreciate the editorial services of an earlier version of this document by Textcheck.com and the comments of the ASCE reviewers and editors.
References
Ashton, G. D. (1973). “Heat transfer to river ice covers.” Proc., 30th Eastern Snow Conf., 125–135, ⟨http://www.easternsnow.org/organization.html⟩.
Ashton, G. D. (1986). River and ice engineering, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo.
Clément, D. (2000). “Le savoir écologique local relatif aux conditions de glace de l’estuaire de la Portneuf.” Hydro Québec, Unité Hydraulique et Environnement, Montréal.
Desplanque, C., and Bray, D. I. (1986). “Winter ice regime in the tidal estuaries of the northeastern portion of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 13(2), 130–139.
Dionne, J.-C. (1998). “Sedimentary structures made by shore ice in muddy tidal-flat deposits, St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec.” Sedimentary Geology, 116(3), 261.
Ivanov, V. V., and Nalimov, Y. V. (1990). “Ice thermal processea (sic) in the mouth areas of the Siberian Rivers.” Proc., 10th Int. Symp. on Ice, IAHR, Delft, The Netherlands, 219–229.
Hill, M. N. (1962). The Sea, Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas, Interscience, N.Y.
Ivanov, V. V., Doronin, Y. P., and Tsarev, V. A. (1990). “Ice cover simulation for Arctic estuary.” Proc., 10th Int. Symp. on Ice, IAHR, Delft, The Netherlands, 210–218.
Jordan, R. (1991). A One-Dimensional Temperature Model for a Snow Cover, CRREL Rep. 91-16, U.S. Army Cold regions Res. Engr. Lab., Hanover, N.H.
Koziy, L., Maderich, V., Margvelashvili, N., and Zheleznak, M. (1998). “Three-dimensional model of radionuclide dispersion in estuaries and shelf seas.” Environ. Modell. Software, 13(5–6), 413–420.
Morse, B., Burrell, B., St. Hilaire, A., Bergeron, N., Messier, D., and Quach-Thanh, T. (1999). “River ice processes in tidal rivers: Research needs.” Proc., 10th Workshop on River Ice (CD-ROM), 388–399, ⟨http://www.riverice.ualberta.ca/about_CRIPE.htm#pub⟩.
Morse, B., Messier, D., Stander, E., and Quach-Thanh, T. (2001). “Le savoir écologique local de la dynamique des glaces dans l’estuaire Portneuf.” 11th Workshop on River Ice (CD-ROM), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, ⟨http://www.riverice.ualberta.ca/about_CRIPE.htm#pub⟩.
Morse, B., Messier, D., Stander, E., and Quach-Thanh, T. (2002). “La dynamique hivernale de l’estuaire Portneuf.” 36th Congress of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, Québec, Canada.
Morse, B., Ringô, B., Messier, D., Quach-Thanh, T., and Stander, E. (2006). “Hydrodynamics of mesotidal estuary in winter.” Cold Regions, 20(3), 95–115.
Partridge, V. A. (2001). “Influence of ice cover on sediment temperature and implications for intertidal benthic invertebrates on a Bay of Fundy mudflat.” Proc., 11th Workshop on River Ice (CD-ROM) ⟨http://www.riverice.ualberta.ca/about_CRIPE.htm#pub⟩.
Ringô, B. (2003). “Modélisation 1D des flux de chaleur et de masse à travers un couvert de glace sur un estuaire: cas de la rivière Portneuf.” Master's thesis, Civil Eng.,Université Laval, Que.
Saucier, F. J., Roy, R., Gilbert, D., Pellerin, P., and Ritchie, H. (2003). “Modeling the formation and circulation processes of water masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.” J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3269–3289.
Savard, J.-P. (1998). “Avis scientifique sur la dynamique sédimentaire dans l’estuaire de la rivière Portneuf.” Hydro Québec, Unité Hydraulique et Environnement, avril 1998, 50p.
Yin-Chao, Y. (1981). Review of Thermal Properties of Snow, Ice and Sea Ice, CRREL Rep. 81-10, U.S. Army Cold regions Res. Engr. Lab., Hanover, N.H.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 20 • Issue 3 • September 2006
Pages: 70 - 94
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Apr 27, 2005
Accepted: Aug 5, 2005
Published online: Sep 1, 2006
Published in print: Sep 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.