State-of-the-Art Reviews
Oct 27, 2022

Location Planning of Park-and-Ride Facilities Around Rapid Transit Systems in Cities: A Review

Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149, Issue 1

Abstract

Significant private motorization to meet increased mobility requirements has resulted in severe congestion and parking problems in urban areas. In such a scenario, Park-and-Ride (P&R) has been a potential and established travel demand management strategy that efficiently improves urban mobility by significantly reducing traffic congestion and parking burden in city centers. Thus, it is essential that urban planners and policy makers establish P&R facilities at appropriate locations. The current manuscript presents a state-of-the-art review of past and present practices in selecting appropriate locations for establishing P&R facilities. The present study provides useful insights into the critical factors influencing the identification of potential P&R locations, establishment of P&R facilities at optimal locations, and development of commuters’ P&R location choice behavior models. The study findings could help researchers, planners, and policy makers collate basic ideas of P&R facility planning and develop context-specific guidelines to suitably locate P&R facilities as potential urban travel demand management solutions in the context of developing countries.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Government of India for awarding the assistantship to Manaswinee Kar to conduct this study.

References

AASHTO. 1992. Guide for the design of park-and-ride facilities. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2002. Geometric design guide for transit facilities on highways and streets. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACTC (Alameda County Transportation Commission). 2017. Tri-valley integrated transit and park-and-ride study. Oakland, CA: ACTC.
Ai, N., J. Zheng, and X. Chen. 2018. “Electric vehicle park-charge-ride programs: A planning framework and case study in Chicago.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 59: 433–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.01.021.
Aros-Vera, F., V. Marianov, and J. E. Mitchell. 2013. “P-Hub approach for the optimal park-and-ride facility location problem.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 226 (2): 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.11.006.
Barauskas, A., K. Jakovlevas-Mateckis, V. Palevicius, and J. Antucheviciene. 2018. “Ranking conceptual locations for a park-and-ride parking lot using EDAS method.” Gradevinar 70 (11): 975–983.
Bolger, D., D. Colquhoun, and J. Morrall. 1992. “Planning and design of park-and-ride facilities for the Calgary light rail transit system.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2: 141–148.
Bowler, C. E., E. C. Noel, R. Peterson, and D. Christiansen. 1986. Park-and-ride facilities: Guidelines for planning design and operation. Final Rep. No. 8409-8601. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Buchari, E. 2015. “Transportation demand management: A park and ride system to reduce congestion in Palembang City Indonesia.” Procedia Eng. 125: 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.047.
Bullard, D. L., and D. L. Christiansen. 1983. Guidelines for planning, designing and operating park-and-ride lots in Texas. Research Rep. 205-22F. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ. System.
Burns, E. N. 1979. “Priority ratings of potential park and ride sites.” ITE 49 (2): 29–31.
Cairns, M. R. 1998. “The development of park and ride in Scotland.” J. Transp. Geogr. 6 (4): 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(98)00016-7.
Caltrans (California Department of Transportation). 2010. Park and ride program resource guide 2010. Sacramento, CA: Caltrans.
Cao, J., and M. Duncan. 2018. “Do park-and-ride transit stations need to be built adjacent to the transit station?: Examining the walking tolerance of park-and-ride users in the Twin Cities, MN.” In Proc., 97th Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board, 1–17. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Carlson, K., and A. Owen. 2019. “Accessibility impacts of park-and-ride systems.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (9): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119845665.
Carrese, S., S. Gori, and T. Picano. 1996. “Relationship between parking location and traffic flows in urban areas.” In Advanced methods in transportation analysis, edited by L. Bianco and P. Toth, 183–214. Berlin: Springer.
Cavadas, J., and A. P. Antunes. 2019. “Optimization-based study of the location of park-and-ride facilities.” Transp. Plann. Technol. 42 (3): 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2019.1576380.
Chalermpong, S., A. Ratanawaraha, N. Maneenoy, and C. Chullabodhi. 2017. “User characteristics and effectiveness of park-and-ride facility in Bangkok, Thailand.” In Proc., 96th Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board, 1–13. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Chen, X., and I. Kim. 2018. “Modelling rail-based park and ride with environmental constraints in a multimodal transport network.” J. Adv. Transp. 2018: 2310905.
Chen, X., Z. Liu, and G. Currie. 2016. “Optimizing location and capacity of rail-based park-and-ride sites to increase public transport usage.” Transp. Plann. Technol. 39 (5): 507–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2016.1174366.
Chen, X. Y., X. K. Yang, and Z. Xu. 2012. “Location configuration design of new park-and-ride facilities in Beijing, China.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. of Transportation Professionals, 1542–1553. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Cherrington, L. K., et al. 2017. Decision-making toolbox to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation: Guidebook on planning and managing park-and-ride. TCRP Research Rep. 192. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Christiansen, D. L., D. S. Grady, and R. W. Holder. 1975. Park-and-ride facilities preliminary planning guidelines. Research Rep. No. TTI-2-10-74-205-2. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ. System.
Chu, X., L. Land, and R. Pendyala. 2001. Update of FDOT state park & ride Lot program planning manual. Research Rep. Tampa, FL: Univ. of South Florida.
City of Edmonton. 2018. Park & ride guidelines. Edmonton, AB: City of Edmonton.
Chester County Board of Commissioners and the Chester County Planning Commission. 2016. Multi-Modal: Circulation Handbook for Chester County, PA. Philadelphia, PA: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission.
Cox, M. 1982. “Bus park and ride: Design guidelines.” In Proc., Specialty Conf. on Design, Construction and Rehabilitation of Public Transit Facilities, 308–314. Reston, VA: ASCE.
CTG (Connetics Transportation Group). 2014. Park-and-ride lot study. Technical Memorandum #5: Financial Analysis and Management Options. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Dept. of Transportation.
Danilina, N., and D. Vlasov. 2017. “Development of park-and-ride system as a tool for sustainable access control managing.” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 90 (012214): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755%E2%80%931315/90/1/012214.
Dickins, I. S. J. 1991. “Park and ride facilities on light rail transit systems.” Transportation 18: 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150557.
Dijk, M., J. de Haes, and C. Montalvo. 2013. “Park-and-Ride motivations and air quality norms in Europe.” J. Transp. Geogr. 30: 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.04.008.
Dijk, M., and C. Montalvo. 2011. “Policy frames of park-and-ride in Europe.” J. Transp. Geogr. 19 (6): 1106–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.05.007.
Du, B., and D. Z. W. Wang. 2014. “Continuum modeling of park-and-ride services considering travel time reliability and heterogeneous commuters - A linear complementarity system approach.” Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 71: 58–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2014.08.008.
Duncan, M., and R. K. Christensen. 2013. “An analysis of park-and-ride provision at light rail stations across the US.” Transp. Policy 25: 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.014.
Duncan, M., and D. Cook. 2014. “Is the provision of park-and-ride facilities at light rail stations an effective approach to reducing vehicle kilometers traveled in a US context?” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 66 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.04.014.
Faghri, A., A. Lang, K. Hamad, and H. Henck. 2002. “Integrated knowledge-based geographic information system for determining optimal location of park-and-ride facilities.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 128 (1): 18–41. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2002)128:1(18).
Fan, W., M. B. Khan, J. Ma, and X. Jiang. 2014. “Bilevel programming model for locating park-and-ride facilities.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 140 (3): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000178.
Farhan, B., and A. T. Murray. 2006. “Distance decay and coverage in facility location planning.” Ann. Reg. Sci. 40 (2): 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-005-0041-7.
Farhan, B., and A. T. Murray. 2008. “Siting park-and-ride facilities using a multi-objective spatial optimization model.” Comput. Oper. Res. 35 (2): 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2006.03.009.
Fierek, S., M. Bieńczak, and P. Zmuda-Trzebiatowski. 2020. “Multiple criteria evaluation of P&R lots location.” Transp. Res. Procedia 47 (2019): 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.123.
Frost, M. 1974. “Park-and-ride: A rising tide.” Public Works 105 (9): 82–84.
Gan, H., and Q. Wang. 2013. “Emissions impacts of the park-and-ride strategy: A case study in Shanghai, China.” Procedia Social Behav. Sci. 96: 1119–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.128.
Gan, H., and X. Ye. 2018. “Will commute drivers switch to park-and-ride under the influence of multimodal traveler information? A stated preference investigation.” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 56: 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.05.015.
Gatens, D. M. 1974. “Locating and operating bus rapid transit park-and-ride lots.” Transp. Res. Rec. 505: 21–30.
Hamadneh, J., and D. Esztergár-Kiss. 2022. “Travel behavior of car travelers with the presence of park-and-ride facilities and autonomous vehicles.” Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng. 50 (1): 101–110.
Harris, F. R. 1989. State park-and-ride lot program: Planning manual. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Dept. of Transportation.
Harris, F. R. 2012. State park-and-ride guide. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Dept. of Transportation.
Henry, E., A. Furno, N.-E. El Faouzi, and D. Rey. 2022. “Locating park-and-ride facilities for resilient on-demand urban mobility.” Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 158: 102557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102557.
Holguín-Veras, J., J. Reilly, and F. Aros-Vera. 2012a. New York city park & ride study. Final Rep. New York: New York State Dept. of Transportation.
Holguín-Veras, J., J. Reilly, F. Aros-Vera, W. Yushimito, and J. Isa. 2012b. “Park-and-ride facilities in New York city: Economic analyses of alternative locations.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2276 (1): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.3141/2276-15.
Holguín-Veras, J., W. F. Yushimito, F. Aros-Vera, and J. J. Reilly. 2012c. “User rationality and optimal park-and-ride location under potential demand maximization.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 46 (8): 949–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2012.02.011.
Horner, M. W., and S. Groves. 2007. “Network flow-based strategies for identifying rail park-and-ride facility locations.” Socio-Econ. Plann. Sci. 41 (3): 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2006.04.001.
Horner, M. W., and T. H. Grubesic. 2001. “A GIS-based planning approach to locating urban rail terminals.” Transportation 28 (1): 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005204010958.
Huang, K., Z. Liu, T. Zhu, I. Kim, and K. An. 2019. “Analysis of the acceptance of park-and-ride by users: A cumulative logistic regression approach.” J. Transp. Land Use 12 (1): 637–647. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2019.1390.
Karamychev, V., and P. Van Reeven. 2011. “Park-and-ride: Good for the city, good for the region?” Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 41 (5): 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.03.002.
Kazazi Darani, S., A. Akbari Eslami, M. Jabbari, and H. Asefi. 2018. “Parking lot site selection using a fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS framework in Tuyserkan, Iran.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (3): 04018022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000456.
Keck, C. A., and P. S. Liou. 1976. “Forecasting demand for peripheral park-and-ride service.” Transp. Res. Rec. 563: 63–74.
Khakbaz, A., A. S. Nookabadi, and S. N. S. Boushehri. 2017a. “Urban bus fleet routing in transportation network equipped with park-and-ride: A case study of Babol, Iran.” Transport 32 (1): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1277551.
Khakbaz, A., A. S. Nookabadi, and N. S. Bushehri. 2017b. “Two-Phase approach for designing bus-based park-and-ride system: Case study of Isfahan, Iran.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 143 (1): 04016027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000359.
Khakbaz, A., A. S. Nookabadi, and S. N. Shetab-bushehri. 2013. “A model for locating park-and-ride facilities on urban networks based on maximizing flow capture: A case study of Isfahan, Iran.” Networks Spatial Econ. 13 (1): 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-012-9172-4.
Khojandi, A., C. Brakewood, C. Cherry, M. Jin, S. Rezaei, and A. M. Haque. 2021. Improvement of park-and-ride facilities and services in metropolitan areas of Tennessee. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Dept. of Transportation, Long Range Planning Research Office & Federal Highway Administration.
Kimpton, A., D. Pojani, N. Sipe, and J. Corcoran. 2020. “Parking behavior: Park ‘n’ ride (PnR) to encourage multimodalism in Brisbane.” Land Use Policy 91 (October 2019): 104304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104304.
Kono, Y., K. Uchida, and K. Andrade. 2014. “Economical welfare maximisation analysis: Assessing the use of existing Park-and-Ride services.” Transportation 41 (4): 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-013-9498-x.
Krasić, D., and Z. Lanović. 2013. “Park & ride facility planning.” Gradevinar 65 (2): 111–121.
Lam, W. H. K., N. M. Holyoak, and H. P. Lo. 2001. “How park-and-ride schemes can be successful in Eastern Asia.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 127 (2): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2001)127:2(63).
Liu, H., Y. Li, J. Li, B. Hou, and S. Zhao. 2022. “Optimizing the location of park-and-ride facilities in suburban and urban areas considering the characteristics of coverage requirements.” Sustainability 14 (3): 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031502.
Lu, X. S., and R. Y. Guo. 2015. “A bi-objective model for siting park-and-ride facilities with spatial equity constraints.” PROMET - Traffic Transp. 27 (4): 301–308. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i4.1584.
Macioszek, E., and A. Kurek. 2020. “The use of a park and ride system—A case study based on the City of Cracow (Poland).” Energies 13 (13): 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133473.
Macpherson, R. D. 1992. “Park and ride: Progress and problems.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Munic. Eng. 93: 1–8.
Mahmoud, M. S., K. N. Habib, and A. Shalaby. 2014. “Park-and-ride access station choice model for cross-regional commuting.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2419 (1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.3141/2419-09.
Mather, J. J. 1983. “Guidelines and standards for the planning, design, and operation of bus park-and-ride facilities.” Transp. Res. Rec. 908: 1–6.
MDoT (Minnesota Department of Transportation). n.d. Park-and-Ride lots, 1–25. Central Minnesota Area Commuter Study Final Rep. St Paul, MN: MDoT.
Meek, S., S. Ison, and M. Enoch. 2008. “Role of bus-based park and ride in the UK: A temporal and evaluative review.” Transp. Rev. 28 (6): 781–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640802059152.
Meek, S., S. Ison, and M. Enoch. 2010. “UK local authority attitudes to park and ride.” J. Transp. Geogr. 18 (3): 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.09.005.
Memon, I. A., S. Kalwar, N. Sahito, M. A. H. Talpur, I. A. Chandio, M. Napiah, and H. Tayyeb. 2021. “Mode choice modeling to shift car travelers towards park and ride service in the city center of Karachi.” Sustainability 13 (10): 5638.
Mingardo, G. 2013. “Transport and environmental effects of rail-based Park and Ride: Evidence from the Netherlands.” J. Transp. Geogr. 30: 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.02.004.
Mock, A., and J. C. Thill. 2015. “Placement of rapid transit park-and-ride facilities.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2534: 109–115. https://doi.org/10.3141/2534-14.
Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman, and PRISMA Group. 2009. “Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement.” PLoS Med. 6 (7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
Noel, E. C. 1988. “Park-and-ride: Alive, well, and expanding in the United States.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 114 (1): 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(1988)114:1(2).
Norlida, A. H., M. Jamilah, and K. Mohamed Rehan. 2007. “Parking duration of fringe park-and-ride users and delineation of stations catchment area: Case of the Kuala Lumpur conurbation J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud. 7: 1296–1310. https://doi.org/10.11175/easts.7.1296.
Obaid, M., A. Torok, and J. Ortega. 2021. “A comprehensive emissions model combining autonomous vehicles with park and ride and electric vehicle transportation policies.” Sustainability 13 (9): 4653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094653.
OCC (Oxfordshire County Council). 2016. Oxford park & ride future strategy development, 1–174. Oxfordshire, UK: OCC.
Ortega, J., J. Hamadneh, D. Esztergár-Kiss, and J. Tóth. 2020a. “Simulation of the daily activity plans of travelers using the park-and-ride system and autonomous vehicles: Work and shopping trip purposes.” Appl. Sci. 10 (8): 2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082912.
Ortega, J., S. Moslem, J. Palaguachi, M. Ortega, T. Campisi, and V. Torrisi. 2021a. “An integrated multi criteria decision making model for evaluating park-and-ride facility location issue: A case study for Cuenca city in Ecuador.” Sustainability 13 (13): 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137461.
Ortega, J., S. Moslem, J. Tóth, T. Péter, J. Palaguachi, and M. Paguay. 2020b. “Using best worst method for sustainable park and ride facility location.” Sustainability 12 (23): 10083. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310083.
Ortega, J., J. Tóth, S. Moslem, T. Péter, and S. Duleba. 2020c. “An integrated approach of analytic hierarchy process and triangular fuzzy sets for analyzing the park-and-ride facility location problem.” Symmetry 12 (8): 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081225.
Ortega, J., J. Tóth, and T. Péter. 2021b. “Planning a park and ride system: A literature review.” Future Transp. 1 (1): 82–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1010006.
Ortega, J., J. Tóth, T. Péter, and S. Moslem. 2020d. “An integrated model of park-and-ride facilities for sustainable urban mobility.” Sustainability 12 (11): 4631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114631.
Palevičius, V., V. Grigonis, A. Podviezko, and G. Barauskaitė. 2016. “Developmental analysis of park-and-ride facilities in Vilnius.” PROMET – Traffic Transp. 28 (2): 165–178. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i2.1767.
Pan, X. S., H. M. Qin, and H. Z. Guan. 2010. “Study on park and ride facility’s site selection based on the environmental benefits.” In Integrated Transportation Systems: Green, Intelligent, Reliable, edited by H. Wei, Y. Wang, J. Rong, and J. Weng, 2849–2856. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Pang, H., and A. Khani. 2018. “Modeling park-and-ride location choice of heterogeneous commuters.” Transportation 45 (1): 71–87.
Parkhurst, G. 1995. “Park and ride: Could it lead to an increase in car traffic?” Transp. Policy 2 (1): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-070X(95)93242-Q.
Parkhurst, G., and J. Richardson. 2002. “Modal integration of bus and car in UK local transport policy: The case for strategic environmental assessment.” J. Transp. Geogr. 10 (3): 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00011-X.
Pasco County MPO. 2012. Conceptual vision for park-and-ride facilities. Tampa, FL: Tindale-Oliver & Associates, Planning and Engineering.
Pitale, A. M., M. Parida, and S. Sadhukhan. 2022. “GIS-MCDM–based approach to determine the potential facility locations for park-and-ride facilities along transit corridors.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 148 (1): 05021065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000799.
Riverside County Transportation Commission, Sandag, and Caltrans. 2019. Park & ride: Strategy and toolkit park & ride regional strategy for San Diego and western Riverside Counties. Sacramento, CA: Caltrans.
Roberts, A., T. Parker, and A. Phillips. 1998. “A review of the canterbury park-and-ride scheme.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Transp. 129 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1680/itran.1998.30087.
Sargious, M. A., and N. Janarthanan. 1983. “Forecasting demand for the park-and-ride mode and determining the optimal location of stations.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 10 (4): 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1139/l83-098.
Schneider, J. B., D. G. Miller, and T. W. Friedman. 1976. “Locating and sizing park-ride lots with interactive computer graphs.” Transportation 5 (4): 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00151099.
Scott, D. 2004. Park-and-ride study. Barre, VT: Vermont Agency of Transportation.
Seik, F. T. 1997. “Experiences from Singapore’s park-and-ride scheme (1975–1996).” Habitat Int. 21 (4): 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(97)00016-7.
Sharma, B., M. Hickman, and N. Nassir. 2019. “Park-and-ride lot choice model using random utility maximization and random regret minimization.” Transportation 46 (1): 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9804-0.
Song, Z., and Y. He. 2015. Innovative park-and-ride management for livable communities. Final Rep. No. TRCLC 14-10. Logan, UT: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Utah State Univ.
Song, Z., Y. He, and L. Zhang. 2017. “Integrated planning of park-and-ride facilities and transit service.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 74: 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.11.017.
Spillar, R. J. 1997. Park-and-ride planning and design guidelines. New York: Parsons Brinckerhoff.
SWRPC, SRPC, and CNHRPC. 2015. New Hampshire park and ride toolkit: A guide for municipalities and park and ride supporters. Keene, NH: SWRPC, SRPC, and CNHRPC.
Topp, H. H. 1991. “Parking policies in large cities in Germany.” Transportation 18: 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150556.
Turnbull, K. F. 1995. Effective use of park-and-ride facilities. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Turnbull, K. F., R. H. Pratt, J. E. Evans, and H. S. Levinson. 2004. Park-and-ride/pool: Traveler response to transportation system changes. Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Rep. 95. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
UNDESA (U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). 2019. World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. ST/ESA/SER.A/420. New York: United Nations.
van der Heijden, R. E. C. M., and E. J. E. Molin. 2002. “Locating P&R facilities based on travel behavior: A Dutch case study.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century. Billerica, MA: WIT Press.
VDOT (Virginia Department of Transportation). 2018. Park-and-ride design guidelines. Richmond, VA: VDOT, Transportation and Mobility Planning Division.
Vtrans (Vermont Agency of Transportation). 2015. Statewide park-and-ride facilities plan. Barre, VT: Vtrans.
Vtrans (Vermont Agency of Transportation). 2017. Park & ride program 2016 annual report. Barre, VT: Vtrans.
Wallis, I., J. Ballantyne, A. Lawrence, and D. Lupton. 2014. Economic benefits of park and ride. Research Rep. 562. Wellington, NZ: NZ Transport Agency.
Wang, J. Y. T., H. Yang, and R. Lindsey. 2004. “Locating and pricing park-and-ride facilities in a linear monocentric city with deterministic mode choice.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 38 (8): 709–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2003.10.002.
Webb, A., and A. Khani. 2020. “Park-and-ride choice behavior in a multimodal network with overlapping routes.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2674 (3): 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120908866.
World Bank. 2017. Global mobility report 2017: Tracking sector performance. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wu, Y., J. Holguin-Veras, and F. Aros-vera. 2016. “Metro-based park-and-ride facilities in Guangzhou city – Evaluation of facility locations and parking rate policy in central area.” In Proc., 95th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Yaliniz, P., O. Ustun, S. Bilgic, and Y. Vitosoglu. 2022. “Evaluation of park-and-ride application with AHP and ANP methods for the city of Eskisehir, Turkey.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 148 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000781.
Zhang, X., and H. Huang. 2007. “Optimal location of park and ride facility.” In Int. Conf. on Transportation Engineering 2007, edited by Q. Peng, K. Wang, Y. Qui, Y. Pu, X. Luo, and B. Shuai, 2753–2758. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Zhou, Y., Y. Li, M. Hao, and T. Yamamoto. 2019. “A system of shared autonomous vehicles combined with park-and-ride in residential areas.” Sustainability 11 (11): 1–15.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149Issue 1March 2023

History

Received: Oct 18, 2021
Accepted: Jun 27, 2022
Published online: Oct 27, 2022
Published in print: Mar 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 27, 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

ASCE Technical Topics:

Authors

Affiliations

Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9660-2422. Email: [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Architecture & Planning, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-3480. Email: [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-7155. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share