International Methods and Local Factors of Walkability: A Bibliometric Analysis and Review
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 148, Issue 4
Abstract
Improving walkability is critical for sustainable and livable urban development. Although numerous measures for walkability have been developed by researchers from different fields, systematic classification and comparisons are lacking. Few studies have discussed the inconsistency in the factors that influence walkability in different social contexts. To address these gaps, this study identified the significant researchers, keywords, and citations from papers that were collected between 2014 and 2021 through a bibliometric analysis to provide a basic understanding of walkability research. Then, subjective and objective, and neighborhood and street level measurement methods were distinguished for targeted use. Finally, the built environment factors and social factors that were found in the existing studies that influenced walkability were discussed separately. The findings of this study could help researchers from different fields to select the appropriate methods and factors and remind them that the sociocultural and socioeconomic causes of local differences should be fully considered in walkability assessments. In addition, due to the advantages of low cost and high efficiency, the automatic virtual audit should be recommended for future walkability studies.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Award Nos. 52178005, 51878143, and 51978142] and the Urban Planning and Transportation Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.
Disclaimer
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
Adams, E. J., F. C. Bull, and C. E. Foster. 2016. “Are perceptions of the environment in the workplace ‘neighbourhood’ associated with commuter walking?” J. Transp. Health 3 (4): 479–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.01.001.
Adams, M. A., et al. 2014. “International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: The IPEN adult study.” Int. J. Health Geographics 13 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-13-43.
Adkins, A., C. Makarewicz, M. Scanze, M. Ingram, and G. Luhr. 2017. “Contextualizing walkability: Do relationships between built environments and walking vary by socioeconomic context?” J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 83 (3): 296–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1322527.
Adlakha, D., J. Hipp, and R. Brownson. 2016. “Adaptation and evaluation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale in India (NEWS-India).” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (4): 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040401.
Adlakha, D., J. A. Hipp, R. C. Brownson, A. A. Eyler, C. K. Lesorogol, and R. Raghavan. 2017. ““Can we walk?” Environmental supports for physical activity in India.” Prev. Med. 103: S81–S89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.020.
Akpinar, A. 2016. “How is quality of urban green spaces associated with physical activity and health?” Urban For. Urban Greening 16: 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.011.
Akpinar, A., and M. Cankurt. 2017. “How are characteristics of urban green space related to levels of physical activity: Examining the links.” Indoor Built Environ. 26 (8): 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X16663289.
Alfonzo, M. A. 2005. “To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs.” Environ. Behav. 37 (6): 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016.
Almeida, D. P., K. C. Alberto, and L. L. Mendes. 2021. “Neighborhood environment walkability scale: A scoping review.” J. Transp. Health 23: 101261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101261.
Andersen, O. K., S. A. O’Halloran, E. Kolle, N. Lien, J. Lakerveld, O. A. Arah, and M. K. Gebremariam. 2021. “Adapting the SPOTLIGHT virtual audit tool to assess food and activity environments relevant for adolescents: A validity and reliability study.” Int. J. Health Geographics 20 (1): 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-021-00258-0.
Bailey-Catalán, C., X. Sánchez, E. Arcos, R. Miranda, X. Cea, and G. Morgado. 2019. “Validity and reliability of the neighborhood walkability scale abbreviated (NEWS-A) in elderly people of Valparaíso, Chile.” World Dev. Perspect. 14: 100105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2019.02.016.
Berke, E. M., T. D. Koepsell, A. V. Moudon, R. E. Hoskins, and E. B. Larson. 2007. “Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older persons.” Am. J. Public Health 97 (3): 486–492. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085837.
Bethlehem, J. R., et al. 2014. “The SPOTLIGHT virtual audit tool: A valid and reliable tool to assess obesogenic characteristics of the built environment.” Int. J. Health Geographics 13 (1): 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-13-52.
Boakye-Dankwa, E., A. Barnett, N. A. Pachana, G. Turrell, and E. Cerin. 2019. “Associations between latent classes of perceived neighborhood destination accessibility and walking behaviors in older adults of a low-density and a high-density city.” J. Aging Phys. Act. 27 (4): 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2018-0297.
Boone-Heinonen, J., and P. Gordon-Larsen. 2011. “Life stage and sex specificity in relationships between the built and socioeconomic environments and physical activity.” J. Epidemiol. Community Health 65 (10): 847–852. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.105064.
Brebbia, C. A., and S. Ricci. 2017. Urban transport XXIII. Southampton, UK: WIT Press.
Buck, C., T. Tkaczick, Y. Pitsiladis, I. De Bourdehaudhuij, L. Reisch, W. Ahrens, and I. Pigeot. 2015. “Objective measures of the built environment and physical activity in children: From walkability to moveability.” J. Urban Health 92 (1): 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9915-2.
Bunds, K. S., J. M. Casper, J. A. Hipp, and J. Koenigstorfer. 2019. “Recreational walking decisions in urban away-from-home environments: The relevance of air quality, noise, traffic, and the natural environment.” Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 65: 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.006.
Cain, K. L., et al. 2014. “Contribution of streetscape audits to explanation of physical activity in four age groups based on the microscale audit of pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS).” Social Sci. Med. 116: 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.042.
Cain, K. L., et al. 2017. “Developing and validating an abbreviated version of the microscale audit for pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS-abbreviated).” J. Transp. Health 5: 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.05.004.
Cain, K. L., et al. 2018. “Development and reliability of a streetscape observation instrument for international use: MAPS-global.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 15 (1): 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0650-z.
Cain, K. L., et al. 2021. “International physical activity and built environment study of adolescents: IPEN adolescent design, protocol and measures.” BMJ Open 11 (1): e046636.
Camhi, S. M., P. J. Troped, M. Garvey, L. L. Hayman, A. Must, A. H. Lichtenstein, and S. E. Crouter. 2019. “Associations between walk score and objective measures of physical activity in urban overweight and obese women.” PLoS One 14 (3): e0214092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214092.
Carlson, J. A., B. E. Saelens, J. Kerr, J. Schipperijn, T. L. Conway, L. D. Frank, J. E. Chapman, K. Glanz, K. L. Cain, and J. F. Sallis. 2015. “Association between neighborhood walkability and GPS-measured walking, bicycling and vehicle time in adolescents.” Health Place 32: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.008.
Carr, L. J., S. I. Dunsiger, and B. H. Marcus. 2010. “Walk score™ as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability.” Am. J. Prev. Med. 39 (5): 460–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.007.
Carr, L. J., S. I. Dunsiger, and B. H. Marcus. 2011. “Validation of walk score for estimating access to walkable amenities.” Br. J. Sports Med. 45 (14): 1144–1148. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.069609.
Cerin, E., et al. 2017. “Do associations between objectively-assessed physical activity and neighbourhood environment attributes vary by time of the day and day of the week? IPEN adult study.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 14 (1): 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0493-z.
Cerin, E., et al. 2018. “Objectively-assessed neighbourhood destination accessibility and physical activity in adults from 10 countries: An analysis of moderators and perceptions as mediators.” Social Sci. Med. 211: 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.034.
Cerin, E., et al. 2019. “Development and validation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for youth across six continents.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 16 (1): 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0890-6.
Cerin, E., A. Barnett, C. J. P. Zhang, P.-c. Lai, C. H. P. Sit, and R. S. Y. Lee. 2020. “How urban densification shapes walking behaviours in older community dwellers: A cross-sectional analysis of potential pathways of influence.” Int. J. Health Geographics 19 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-020-00210-8.
Cerin, E., B. E. Saelens, J. F. Sallis, and L. D. Frank. 2006. “Neighborhood environment walkability scale: Validity and development of a short form.” Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 38 (9): 1682–1691. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000227639.83607.4d.
Cerin, E., C. H. Sit, Y.-J. Huang, A. Barnett, D. J. Macfarlane, and S. S. Wong. 2014. “Repeatability of self-report measures of physical activity, sedentary and travel behaviour in Hong Kong adolescents for the IHealt(H) and IPEN – Adolescent studies.” BMC Pediatr. 14 (1): 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-142.
Cervero, R., O. L. Sarmiento, E. Jacoby, L. F. Gomez, and A. Neiman. 2009. “Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: Lessons from Bogotá.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 3 (4): 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314.
Chaix, B., C. Simon, H. Charreire, F. Thomas, Y. Kestens, N. Karusisi, J. Vallée, J.-M. Oppert, C. Weber, and B. Pannier. 2014. “The environmental correlates of overall and neighborhood based recreational walking (a cross-sectional analysis of the RECORD study).” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 11 (1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-20.
Cheng, J., and H. Yu. 2021. “The relationship between neighborhood environment and physical activity in Chinese youth: A retrospective cross-sectional study.” J. Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01547-5.
Cho, G.-H., and D. Rodriguez. 2015. “Location or design? associations between neighbourhood location, built environment and walking.” Urban Stud. 52 (8): 1434–1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014537691.
Christian, H., M. Knuiman, M. Divitini, S. Foster, P. Hooper, B. Boruff, F. Bull, and B. Giles-Corti. 2017. “A longitudinal analysis of the influence of the neighborhood environment on recreational walking within the neighborhood: Results from RESIDE.” Environ. Health Perspect. 125 (7): 077009. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP823.
Christiansen, L. B., et al. 2016. “International comparisons of the associations between objective measures of the built environment and transport-related walking and cycling: IPEN adult study.” J. Transp. Health 3 (4): 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.02.010.
Christiansen, L. B., M. Toftager, J. Schipperijn, A. K. Ersbøll, B. Giles-Corti, and J. Troelsen. 2014. “School site walkability and active school transport – Association, mediation and moderation.” J. Transp. Geogr. 34: 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.10.012.
Christman, Z. J., M. Wilson-Genderson, A. Heid, and R. Pruchno. 2020. “The effects of neighborhood built environment on walking for leisure and for purpose among older people.” Gerontologist 60 (4): 651–660.
Chudyk, A. M., H. A. McKay, M. Winters, J. Sims-Gould, and M. C. Ashe. 2017. “Neighborhood walkability, physical activity, and walking for transportation: A cross-sectional study of older adults living on low income.” BMC Geriatr. 17 (1): 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0469-5.
Cleland, C. L., et al. 2021. “Adaptation and testing of a microscale audit tool to assess liveability using google street view: MAPS-liveability.” J. Transp. Health 22: 101226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101226.
Clifton, K. J., A. D. Livi Smith, and D. Rodriguez. 2007. “The development and testing of an audit for the pedestrian environment.” Landscape Urban Plann. 80 (1): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.06.008.
Cochrane, T., et al. 2019. “Associations of built environment and proximity of food outlets with weight status: Analysis from 14 cities in 10 countries.” Prev. Med. 129: 105874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105874.
Cole, R., P. Dunn, I. Hunter, N. Owen, and T. Sugiyama. 2015. “Walk score and Australian adults’ home-based walking for transport.” Health Place 35: 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.06.011.
Compernolle, S., et al. 2016. “Physical environmental correlates of domain-specific sedentary behaviours across five European regions (the SPOTLIGHT project).” PLoS One 11 (10): e0164812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164812.
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., et al. 2015. “International study of perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and body mass index: IPEN adult study in 12 countries.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 12 (1): 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0228-y.
Deka, D., and C. T. Brown. 2020. “Does the pathway to transportation walking for older adults run through recreational walking?” Travel Behav. Soc. 20: 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.02.005.
Dias, A. F., A. R. Gaya, M. P. Santos, C. Brand, A. N. Pizarro, C. F. Fochesatto, T. M. Mendes, J. Mota, and A. C. Araujo Gaya. 2020. “Neighborhood environmental factors associated with leisure walking in adolescents.” Rev. Saúde Públ. 54: 61.
Ding, D., et al. 2014. “Neighborhood environment and physical activity among older adults: Do the relationships differ by driving status?” J. Aging Phys. Act. 22 (3): 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1123/JAPA.2012-0332.
Dong, W., X. Cao, X. Wu, and Y. Dong. 2019. “Examining pedestrian satisfaction in gated and open communities: An integration of gradient boosting decision trees and impact-asymmetry analysis.” Landscape Urban Plann. 185: 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.02.012.
Duncan, D. T., J. Aldstadt, J. Whalen, S. J. Melly, and S. L. Gortmaker. 2011. “Validation of walk score® for estimating neighborhood walkability: An analysis of four US metropolitan areas.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8 (11): 4160–4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8114160.
Duncan, D. T., J. Méline, Y. Kestens, K. Day, B. Elbel, L. Trasande, and B. Chaix. 2016. “Walk score, transportation mode choice, and walking Among French adults: A GPS, accelerometer, and mobility survey study.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (6): 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060611.
Dyck, D. V., A. Barnett, J. Van Cauwenberg, C. J. P. Zhang, C. H. P. Sit, and E. Cerin. 2020. “Main and interacting effects of physical activity and sedentary time on older adults’ BMI: The moderating roles of socio-demographic and environmental attributes.” PLoS One 15 (7): e0235833.
Ellis, G., R. Hunter, M. A. Tully, M. Donnelly, L. Kelleher, and F. Kee. 2016. “Connectivity and physical activity: Using footpath networks to measure the walkability of built environments.” Environ. Plann. B: Plann. Des. 43 (1): 130–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515610672.
Ewing, R., S. Handy, R. C. Brownson, O. Clemente, and E. Winston. 2006. “Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability.” J. Phys. Act. Health 3 (s1): S223–S240. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s223.
Fonseca, F., P. J. G. Ribeiro, E. Conticelli, M. Jabbari, G. Papageorgiou, S. Tondelli, and R. A. R. Ramos. 2022. “Built environment attributes and their influence on walkability.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 16 (7): 660–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1914793.
Forsyth, A. 2015. “What is a walkable place? The walkability debate in urban design.” Urban Des. Int. 20 (4): 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.22.
Foster, S., P. Hooper, M. Knuiman, H. Christian, F. Bull, and B. Giles-Corti. 2016. “Safe RESIDential environments? A longitudinal analysis of the influence of crime-related safety on walking.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 13 (1): 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0343-4.
Foster, S., M. Knuiman, P. Hooper, H. Christian, and B. Giles-Corti. 2014. “Do changes in residents’ fear of crime impact their walking? Longitudinal results from RESIDE.” Prev. Med. 62: 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.02.011.
Fox, E. H., et al. 2021. “International evaluation of the microscale audit of pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS) global instrument: Comparative assessment between local and remote online observers.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 18 (1): 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01146-3.
Frank, L. D., B. S. Appleyard, J. M. Ulmer, J. E. Chapman, and E. H. Fox. 2021. “Comparing walkability methods: Creation of street smart walk score and efficacy of a code-based 3D walkability index.” J. Transp. Health 21: 101005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.101005.
Frank, L. D., J. F. Sallis, T. L. Conway, J. E. Chapman, B. E. Saelens, and W. Bachman. 2006. “Many pathways from land use to health: Associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality.” J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 72 (1): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725.
Frank, L. D., J. F. Sallis, B. E. Saelens, L. Leary, K. Cain, T. L. Conway, and P. M. Hess. 2010. “The development of a walkability index: Application to the neighborhood quality of life study.” Br. J. Sports Med. 44 (13): 924–933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701.
Frank, L. D., T. L. Schmid, J. F. Sallis, J. Chapman, and B. E. Saelens. 2005. “Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ.” Am. J. Prev. Med. 28 (2): 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001.
Frehlich, L., A. Blackstaffe, and G. R. McCormack. 2019. “Test-retest reliability and walk score® neighbourhood walkability comparison of an online perceived neighbourhood-specific adaptation of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ).” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (11): 1917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111917.
Gao, J., C. B. M. Kamphuis, D. Ettema, and M. Helbich. 2019. “Longitudinal changes in transport-related and recreational walking: The role of life events.” Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 77: 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.006.
Gao, J., C. B. M. Kamphuis, M. Helbich, and D. Ettema. 2020. “What is ‘neighborhood walkability’? How the built environment differently correlates with walking for different purposes and with walking on weekdays and weekends.” J. Transp. Geogr. 88: 102860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102860.
Gebel, K., A. Bauman, and N. Owen. 2009. “Correlates of non-concordance between perceived and objective measures of walkability.” Ann. Behav. Med. 37 (2): 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9098-3.
Gebel, K., A. E. Bauman, T. Sugiyama, and N. Owen. 2011. “Mismatch between perceived and objectively assessed neighborhood walkability attributes: Prospective relationships with walking and weight gain.” Health Place 17 (2): 519–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.008.
Ghani, F., J. N. Rachele, V. H. Loh, S. Washington, and G. Turrell. 2018. “Do differences in built environments explain age differences in transport walking across neighbourhoods?” J. Transp. Health 9: 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.03.010.
Grasser, G., D. Van Dyck, S. Titze, and W. Stronegger. 2013. “Objectively measured walkability and active transport and weight-related outcomes in adults: A systematic review.” Int. J. Public Health 58 (4): 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0435-0.
Grasser, G., D. van Dyck, S. Titze, and W. J. Stronegger. 2017. “A European perspective on GIS-based walkability and active modes of transport.” Eur. J. Public Health 27 (1): 145–151.
Gunn, L. D., S. Mavoa, C. Boulangé, P. Hooper, A. Kavanagh, and B. Giles-Corti. 2017. “Designing healthy communities: Creating evidence on metrics for built environment features associated with walkable neighbourhood activity centres.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 14 (1): 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0621-9.
Gustat, J., K. Richards, J. Rice, L. Andersen, K. Parker-Karst, and S. Cole. 2015. “Youth walking and biking rates vary by environments around 5 Louisiana schools.” J. Sch. Health 85 (1): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12220.
Hall, C. M., and Y. Ram. 2018. “Walk score® and its potential contribution to the study of active transport and walkability: A critical and systematic review.” Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 61: 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.018.
Hall, C. M., and Y. Ram. 2019. “Measuring the relationship between tourism and walkability? Walk score and English tourist attractions.” J. Sustainable Tourism 27 (2): 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1404607.
Hart, E. A. C., et al. 2018. “Contextual correlates of happiness in European adults.” PLoS One 13 (1): e0190387.
He, G., W. Huang, J. Salmon, and S. H. S. Wong. 2021. “Adaptation and evaluation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for youth for Chinese children (NEWS-CC).” BMC Public Health 21 (1): 480. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10530-4.
Herbolsheimer, F., A. Mahmood, N. Ungar, Y. L. Michael, F. Oswald, and H. Chaudhury. 2021. “Perceptions of the neighborhood built environment for walking behavior in older adults living in close proximity.” J. Appl. Gerontol. 40 (12): 1697–1705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464820979258.
Hirsch, J. A., K. A. Moore, P. J. Clarke, D. A. Rodriguez, K. R. Evenson, S. J. Brines, M. A. Zagorski, and A. V. Diez Roux. 2014. “Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time: Longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 180 (8): 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu218.
Ingram, M., A. Adkins, K. Hansen, V. Cascio, and E. Somnez. 2017. “Sociocultural perceptions of walkability in Mexican American neighborhoods: Implications for policy and practice.” J. Transp. Health 7: 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.10.001.
Jack, E., and G. R. McCormack. 2014. “The associations between objectively-determined and self-reported urban form characteristics and neighborhood-based walking in adults.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 11 (1): 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-71.
Jaśkiewicz, M., and T. Besta. 2016. “Polish version of the neighbourhood environment walkability scale (NEWS-Poland).” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (11): 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111090.
Kalvelage, K., M. C. Dorneich, C. J. Seeger, G. J. Welk, S. Gilbert, J. Moon, I. Jafir, and P. Brown. 2018. “Assessing the validity of facilitated-volunteered geographic information: Comparisons of expert and novice ratings.” GeoJournal 83 (3): 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9781-z.
Kerr, J., et al. 2013. “Advancing science and policy through a coordinated international study of physical activity and built environments: IPEN adult methods.” J. Phys. Act. Health 10 (4): 581–601. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.581.
Kerr, J., et al. 2016. “Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with walking and cycling for transport among adult residents of 17 cities in 12 countries: The IPEN study.” Environ. Health Perspect. 124 (3): 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409466.
Kerr, J., G. Norman, R. Millstein, M. A. Adams, C. Morgan, R. D. Langer, and M. Allison. 2014. “Neighborhood environment and physical activity Among older women: Findings from the San Diego Cohort of the Women’s Health Initiative.” J. Phys. Act. Health 11 (6): 1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0159.
Khder, H. M., S. M. Mousavi, and T. H. Khan. 2016. “Impact of street’s physical elements on walkability: A case of Mawlawi Street in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.” Int. J. Built Environ. Sustainability 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v3.n1.106.
Ki, D., and S. Lee. 2021. “Analyzing the effects of green view index of neighborhood streets on walking time using google street view and deep learning.” Landscape Urban Plann. 205: 103920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103920.
King, A. C., et al. 2017. “Preserving older adults’ routine outdoor activities in contrasting neighborhood environments through a physical activity intervention.” Prev. Med. 96: 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.049.
King, A. C., J. F. Sallis, L. D. Frank, B. E. Saelens, K. Cain, T. L. Conway, J. E. Chapman, D. K. Ahn, and J. Kerr. 2011. “Aging in neighborhoods differing in walkability and income: Associations with physical activity and obesity in older adults.” Social Sci. Med. 73 (10): 1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.032.
Knuiman, M. W., H. E. Christian, M. L. Divitini, S. A. Foster, F. C. Bull, H. M. Badland, and B. Giles-Corti. 2014. “A longitudinal analysis of the influence of the neighborhood built environment on walking for transportation: The RESIDE study.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 180 (5): 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu171.
Koenigstorfer, J. 2018. “Active transportation decision-making against the background of air quality information provision: Walking route preferences of German residents.” Urban Sci. 2 (1): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2010019.
Koo, B. W., S. Guhathakurta, and N. Botchwey. 2022. “How are neighborhood and street-level walkability factors associated with walking behaviors? A big data approach using street view images.” Environ. Behav. 54 (1): 211–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165211014609.
Koohsari, M. J., H. Badland, S. Mavoa, K. Villanueva, J. Francis, P. Hooper, N. Owen, and B. Giles-Corti. 2018a. “Are public open space attributes associated with walking and depression?” Cities 74: 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.011.
Koohsari, M. J., G. R. McCormack, A. Shibata, K. Ishii, A. Yasunaga, T. Nakaya, and K. Oka. 2021a. “The relationship between walk score® and perceived walkability in ultrahigh density areas.” Prev. Med. Rep. 23: 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101393.
Koohsari, M. J., T. Nakaya, G. R. McCormack, A. Shibata, K. Ishii, A. Yasunaga, T. Hanibuchi, and K. Oka. 2021b. “Traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital.” Landscape Urban Plann. 214: 104184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104184.
Koohsari, M. J., T. Sugiyama, T. Hanibuchi, A. Shibata, K. Ishii, Y. Liao, and K. Oka. 2018b. “Validity of walk score® as a measure of neighborhood walkability in Japan.” Preventive Medicine Reports 9: 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.01.001.
Koohsari, M. J., T. Sugiyama, A. Shibata, K. Ishii, T. Hanibuchi, Y. Liao, N. Owen, and K. Oka. 2018c. “Walk score® and Japanese adults’ physically-active and sedentary behaviors.” Cities 74: 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.016.
Kurka, J. M., M. A. Adams, C. Geremia, W. Zhu, K. L. Cain, T. L. Conway, and J. F. Sallis. 2016. “Comparison of field and online observations for measuring land uses using the microscale audit of pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS).” J. Transp. Health 3 (3): 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.05.001.
Larranaga, A. M., J. Arellana, L. I. Rizzi, O. Strambi, and H. B. B. Cybis. 2019. “Using best–worst scaling to identify barriers to walkability: A study of Porto Alegre, Brazil.” Transportation 46 (6): 2347–2379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9944-x.
Leslie, E., E. Cerin, L. duToit, N. Owen, and A. Bauman. 2007a. “Objectively assessing’ walkability’ of local communities: Using GIS to identify the relevant environmental attributes.” In GIS for health and the environment, edited by P. C. Lai and A. S. H. Mak, 91–104. Berlin: Springer.
Leslie, E., N. Coffee, L. Frank, N. Owen, A. Bauman, and G. Hugo. 2007b. “Walkability of local communities: Using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes.” Health Place 13 (1): 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.11.001.
Leslie, E., B. Saelens, L. Frank, N. Owen, A. Bauman, N. Coffee, and G. Hugo. 2005. “Residents’ perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods: A pilot study.” Health Place 11 (3): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.05.005.
Li, C., G. Chi, and R. Jackson. 2018. “Neighbourhood built environment and walking behaviours: Evidence from the rural American south.” Indoor Built Environ. 27 (7): 938–952. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X17695858.
Li, S., P. Zhao, H. Zhang, and J. Quan. 2019. “Walking behavior in the old downtown Beijing: The impact of perceptions and attitudes and social variations.” Transp. Policy 73: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.10.005.
Li, W., K. Joh, C. Lee, J.-H. Kim, H. Park, and A. Woo. 2015a. “Assessing benefits of neighborhood walkability to single-family property values: A spatial hedonic study in Austin, Texas.” J. Plann. Educ. Res. 35 (4): 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X15591055.
Li, Y., D. Kao, and T. Q. Dinh. 2015b. “Correlates of neighborhood environment with walking among older Asian Americans.” J. Aging Health 27 (1): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264314535636.
Liao, B., P. E. W. van den Berg, P. J. V. van Wesemael, and T. A. Arentze. 2020. “Empirical analysis of walkability using data from the Netherlands.” Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 85: 102390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102390.
Liao, Y., C.-Y. Lin, J.-H. Huang, and J.-H. Park. 2017. “Gender differences in the associations between perceived environment and walking for recreation in Taiwanese adults.” Women Health 57 (5): 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1181138.
Liu, Z., A. Kemperman, and H. Timmermans. 2020. “Correlates of older adults’ walking trip duration.” J. Transp. Health 18: 100889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100889.
Lu, Y., Y. Xiao, and Y. Ye. 2017. “Urban density, diversity and design: Is more always better for walking? A study from Hong Kong.” Prev. Med. 103: S99–S103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.042.
Lyu, Y., and A. Forsyth. 2021. “Attitudes, perceptions, and walking behavior in a Chinese city.” J. Transp. Health 21: 101047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101047.
Macdonald, L., P. McCrorie, N. Nicholls, and A. Ellaway. 2016. “Walkability around primary schools and area deprivation across Scotland.” BMC Public Health 16 (1): 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2994-0.
Manaugh, K., and A. El-Geneidy. 2011. “Validating walkability indices: How do different households respond to the walkability of their neighborhood?” Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 16 (4): 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.01.009.
Marquet, O., and C. Miralles-Guasch. 2015. “Neighbourhood vitality and physical activity among the elderly: The role of walkable environments on active ageing in Barcelona, Spain.” Social Sci. Med. 135: 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.016.
Martínez-Martínez, O. A., and A. Ramírez-López. 2018. “Walkability and the built environment: Validation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale (NEWS) for urban areas in Mexico.” Qual. Quantity 52 (2): 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0483-x.
McCormack, G. R. 2017. “Neighbourhood built environment characteristics associated with different types of physical activity in Canadian adults.” Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. 37 (6): 175–185. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.37.6.01.
McCormack, G. R., A. Blackstaffe, A. Nettel-Aguirre, I. Csizmadi, B. Sandalack, F. A. Uribe, A. Rayes, C. Friedenreich, and M. L. Potestio. 2018. “The independent associations between walk score® and neighborhood socioeconomic status, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index among urban adults.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15 (6): 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061226.
Mertens, L., et al. 2017. “Built environmental correlates of cycling for transport across Europe.” Health Place 44: 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.01.007.
Millstein, R. A., et al. 2013. “Development, scoring, and reliability of the microscale audit of pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS).” BMC Public Health 13 (1): 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-403.
Mindell, J. S., P. R. Anciaes, A. Dhanani, J. Stockton, P. Jones, M. Haklay, N. Groce, S. Scholes, and L. Vaughan. 2017. “Using triangulation to assess a suite of tools to measure community severance.” J. Transp. Geogr. 60: 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.02.013.
Mirzaei, E., R. Kheyroddin, M. Behzadfar, and D. Mignot. 2018. “Utilitarian and hedonic walking: Examining the impact of the built environment on walking behavior.” Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 10 (2): 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-018-0292-x.
Moran, M. R., E. Eizenberg, and P. Plaut. 2017. “Getting to know a place: Built environment walkability and children’s spatial representation of their home-school (h–s) route.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (6): 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060607.
Moura, F., P. Cambra, and A. B. Gonçalves. 2017. “Measuring walkability for distinct pedestrian groups with a participatory assessment method: A case study in Lisbon.” Landscape Urban Plann. 157: 282–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.002.
Nagata, S., T. Nakaya, T. Hanibuchi, S. Amagasa, H. Kikuchi, and S. Inoue. 2020. “Objective scoring of streetscape walkability related to leisure walking: Statistical modeling approach with semantic segmentation of google street view images.” Health Place 66: 102428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102428.
Nichani, V., J. E. Vena, C. M. Friedenreich, C. Christie, and G. R. McCormack. 2019. “A population-based study of the associations between neighbourhood walkability and different types of physical activity in Canadian men and women.” Prev. Med. 129: 105864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105864.
Nyunt, M. S. Z., F. K. Shuvo, J. Y. Eng, K. B. Yap, S. Scherer, L. M. Hee, S. P. Chan, and T. P. Ng. 2015. “Objective and subjective measures of neighborhood environment (NE): Relationships with transportation physical activity among older persons.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 12 (1): 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0276-3.
Otsuka, N., D. Wittowsky, M. Damerau, and C. Gerten. 2021. “Walkability assessment for urban areas around railway stations along the Rhine-alpine corridor.” J. Transp. Geogr. 93: 103081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103081.
Owen, N., et al. 2018. “Associations of neighborhood environmental attributes with adults’ objectively-assessed sedentary time: IPEN adult multi-country study.” Prev. Med. 115: 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.023.
Owen, N., N. Humpel, E. Leslie, A. Bauman, and J. F. Sallis. 2004. “Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda.” Am. J. Prev. Med. 27 (1): 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.006.
Oyeyemi, A. L., et al. 2016. “NEWS for Africa: Adaptation and reliability of a built environment questionnaire for physical activity in seven African countries.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 13 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0357-y.
Oyeyemi, A. L., et al. 2017. “Construct validity of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for Africa.” Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 49 (3): 482–491. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001131.
Oyeyemi, A. L., S. M. Kolo, A. Y. Oyeyemi, and B. A. Omotara. 2019. “Neighborhood environmental factors are related to health-enhancing physical activity and walking among community dwelling older adults in Nigeria.” Physiother. Theory Pract. 35 (3): 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2018.1443187.
Perchoux, C., Y. Kestens, R. Brondeel, and B. Chaix. 2015. “Accounting for the daily locations visited in the study of the built environment correlates of recreational walking (the RECORD cohort study).” Prev. Med. 81: 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.010.
Phillips, C. B., J. K. Engelberg, C. M. Geremia, W. Zhu, J. M. Kurka, K. L. Cain, J. F. Sallis, T. L. Conway, and M. A. Adams. 2017. “Online versus in-person comparison of microscale audit of pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS) assessments: Reliability of alternate methods.” Int. J. Health Geographics 16 (1): 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-017-0101-0.
Pocock, T., A. Moore, J. Molina-García, A. Queralt, and S. Mandic. 2020. “School neighbourhood built environment assessment for adolescents’ active transport to school: Modification of an environmental audit tool and protocol (MAPS global-SN).” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (7): 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072194.
Pongprasert, P., and H. Kubota. 2019. “TOD residents’ attitudes toward walking to transit station: A case study of transit-oriented developments (TODs) in Bangkok, Thailand.” J. Mod. Transp. 27 (1): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-018-0170-1.
Prins, R. G., C. B. M. Kamphuis, and F. J. Van Lenthe. 2019. “The effects of small-scale physical and social environmental interventions on walking behaviour among Dutch older adults living in deprived neighbourhoods: Results from the quasi-experimental NEW.ROADS study.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 16 (1): 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0863-9.
Queralt, A., et al. 2021. “Reliability of streetscape audits comparing on-street and online observations: MAPS-global in 5 countries.” Int. J. Health Geographics 20 (1): 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-021-00261-5.
Rahul, T. M., and A. Verma. 2014. “A study of acceptable trip distances using walking and cycling in Bangalore.” J. Transp. Geogr. 38: 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.05.011.
Rigolon, A., Z. Toker, and N. Gasparian. 2018. “Who has more walkable routes to parks? An environmental justice study of safe routes to parks in neighborhoods of Los Angeles.” J. Urban Aff. 40 (4): 576–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1360740.
Rind, E., and A. Jones. 2015. ““I used to be as fit as a linnet” – Beliefs, attitudes, and environmental supportiveness for physical activity in former mining areas in the north-east of England.” Social Sci. Med. 126: 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.002.
Roda, C., et al. 2016. “Mismatch between perceived and objectively measured environmental obesogenic features in European neighbourhoods.” Obes. Rev. 17 (S1): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12376.
Rosenberg, D., D. Ding, J. F. Sallis, J. Kerr, G. J. Norman, N. Durant, S. K. Harris, and B. E. Saelens. 2009. “Neighborhood environment walkability scale for youth (NEWS-Y): Reliability and relationship with physical activity.” Prev. Med. 49 (2–3): 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.011.
Sabzali Yameqani, A., and A. A. Alesheikh. 2019. “Predicting subjective measures of walkability index from objective measures using artificial neural networks.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 48: 101560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101560.
Saelens, B. E., and S. L. Handy. 2008. “Built environment correlates of walking: A review.” Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 40 (Suppl 7): S550–S566. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4.
Saelens, B. E., J. F. Sallis, J. B. Black, and D. Chen. 2003. “Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: An environment scale evaluation.” Am. J. Public Health 93 (9): 1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552.
Sallis, J. F. 2011. “Environmental and policy research on physical activity is going global.” Res. Exercise Epidemiol. 13 (2): 111–117.
Sallis, J. F., et al. 2016. “Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: A cross-sectional study.” Lancet 387 (10034): 2207–2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2.
Sallis, J. F., et al. 2020. “Built environment, physical activity, and obesity: Findings from the international physical activity and environment network (IPEN) adult study.” Annu. Rev. Public Health 41 (1): 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043657.
Sallis, J. F., K. L. Cain, T. L. Conway, K. A. Gavand, R. A. Millstein, C. M. Geremia, L. D. Frank, B. E. Saelens, K. Glanz, and A. C. King. 2015. “Is your neighborhood designed to support physical activity? A brief streetscape audit tool.” Prev. Chronic Dis. 12: 150098. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.150098.
Sallis, J. F., T. L. Conway, K. L. Cain, J. A. Carlson, L. D. Frank, J. Kerr, K. Glanz, J. E. Chapman, and B. E. Saelens. 2018. “Neighborhood built environment and socioeconomic status in relation to physical activity, sedentary behavior, and weight status of adolescents.” Prev. Med. 110: 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.009.
Sallis, J. F., B. E. Saelens, L. D. Frank, T. L. Conway, D. J. Slymen, K. L. Cain, J. E. Chapman, and J. Kerr. 2009. “Neighborhood built environment and income: Examining multiple health outcomes.” Social Sci. Med. 68 (7): 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017.
Salvo, D., R. S. Reis, O. L. Sarmiento, and M. Pratt. 2014. “Overcoming the challenges of conducting physical activity and built environment research in Latin America: IPEN Latin America.” Prev. Med. 69: S86–S92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.014.
Schipperijn, J., et al. 2017. “Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison.” Urban For. Urban Greening 27: 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.010.
Serrano, N., L. G. Perez, J. Carlson, K. Patrick, J. Kerr, C. Holub, and E. M. Arredondo. 2018. “Sub-population differences in the relationship between the neighborhood environment and latinas’ daily walking and vehicle time.” J. Transp. Health 8: 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.01.006.
Shatu, F., and T. Yigitcanlar. 2018. “Development and validity of a virtual street walkability audit tool for pedestrian route choice analysis—SWATCH.” J. Transp. Geogr. 70: 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.06.004.
Silveira, S. L., and R. W. Motl. 2020. “Abbreviated neighborhood environment walkability scale in persons with multiple sclerosis: Initial validation of score inferences.” J. Transp. Health 19: 100952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100952.
Singhal, N., and A. Siddhu. 2014. “Barriers to leisure-time physical activity in Asian Indian Men.” Public Health 128 (8): 749–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.05.014.
Soltero, E. G., D. C. Hernandez, D. P. O’Connor, and R. E. Lee. 2015. “Does social support mediate the relationship among neighborhood disadvantage, incivilities, crime and physical activity?” Prev. Med. 72: 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.030.
Southworth, M. 2005. “Designing the walkable city.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 131 (4): 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(246).
Starnes, H. A., M. H. McDonough, J. S. Wilson, D. K. Mroczek, F. Laden, and P. J. Troped. 2019. “Factorial invariance of the abbreviated neighborhood environment walkability scale among senior women in the nurses’ health study cohort.” Meas. Phys. Educ. Exercise Sci. 23 (2): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2018.1554577.
Steinmetz-Wood, M., A. El-Geneidy, and N. A. Ross. 2020. “Moving to policy-amenable options for built environment research: The role of micro-scale neighborhood environment in promoting walking.” Health Place 66: 102462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102462.
Steinmetz-Wood, M., and Y. Kestens. 2015. “Does the effect of walkable built environments vary by neighborhood socioeconomic status?” Prev. Med. 81: 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.09.008.
Steinmetz-Wood, M., K. Velauthapillai, G. O’Brien, and N. A. Ross. 2019. “Assessing the micro-scale environment using google street view: The virtual systematic tool for evaluating pedestrian streetscapes (virtual-STEPS).” BMC Public Health 19 (1): 1246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7460-3.
Stewart, O. T., A. V. Moudon, B. E. Saelens, C. Lee, B. Kang, and M. P. Doescher. 2016. “Comparing associations between the built environment and walking in rural small towns and a large metropolitan area.” Environ. Behav. 48 (1): 13–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916515612253.
Sugiyama, T., et al. 2014. “Perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes associated with adults' recreational walking: IPEN adult study in 12 countries.” Health Place 28: 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.03.003.
Sugiyama, T., E. Cerin, M. Mridha, M. J. Koohsari, and N. Owen. 2018. “Prospective associations of local destinations and routes with middle-to-older aged adults’ walking.” Gerontologist 58 (1): 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx088.
Sugiyama, T., N. J. Howard, C. Paquet, N. T. Coffee, A. W. Taylor, and M. Daniel. 2015a. “Do relationships between environmental attributes and recreational walking vary according to area-level socioeconomic status?” J. Urban Health 92 (2): 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9932-1.
Sugiyama, T., A. Shibata, M. J. Koohsari, S. K. Tanamas, K. Oka, J. Salmon, D. W. Dunstan, and N. Owen. 2015b. “Neighborhood environmental attributes and adults’ maintenance of regular walking.” Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 47 (6): 1204–1210. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000528.
Sun, Z., K. Y. Lai, S. Bell, I. Scott, and X. Zhang. 2020. “Exploring the associations of walking behavior with neighborhood environments by different life stages: A cross-sectional study in a smaller Chinese city.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (1): 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010237.
Sundquist, K., U. Eriksson, N. Kawakami, L. Skog, H. Ohlsson, and D. Arvidsson. 2011. “Neighborhood walkability, physical activity, and walking behavior: The Swedish neighborhood and physical activity (SNAP) study.” Social Sci. Med. 72 (8): 1266–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.004.
Taleai, M., and A. S. Yameqani. 2018. “Integration of GIS, remote sensing and multi-criteria evaluation tools in the search for healthy walking paths.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 22 (1): 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-2538-x.
Thornton, C. M., T. L. Conway, K. L. Cain, K. A. Gavand, B. E. Saelens, L. D. Frank, C. M. Geremia, K. Glanz, A. C. King, and J. F. Sallis. 2016. “Disparities in pedestrian streetscape environments by income and race/ethnicity.” SSM – Popul. Health 2: 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.03.004.
Torun, A. O., K. Gocer, D. Yesiltepe, and G. Argin. 2020. “Understanding the role of urban form in explaining transportation and recreational walking among children in a logistic GWR model: A spatial analysis in Istanbul, Turkey.” J. Transp. Geogr. 82: 102617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102617.
Towne, S. D., J. Won, S. Lee, M. G. Ory, S. N. Forjuoh, S. Wang, and C. Lee. 2016. “Using walk score™ and neighborhood perceptions to assess walking among middle-aged and older adults.” J. Community Health 41 (5): 977–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0180-z.
Tsiompras, A. B., and Y. N. Photis. 2017. “What matters when it comes to “walk and the city”? Defining a weighted GIS-based walkability index.” Transp. Res. Procedia 24: 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.06.001.
Tsunoda, K., Y. Soma, N. Kitano, T. Jindo, K. Fujii, and T. Okura. 2021. “Acceptable walking and cycling distances and their correlates among older Japanese adults.” J. Popul. Ageing 14 (2): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-020-09272-9.
Turrell, G., M. Haynes, L.-A. Wilson, and B. Giles-Corti. 2013. “Can the built environment reduce health inequalities? A study of neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and walking for transport.” Health Place 19: 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.10.008.
Ussery, E. N., J. D. Omura, P. Paul, J. Orr, C. Spoon, C. Geremia, and S. A. Carlson. 2019. “Sampling methodology and reliability of a representative walkability audit.” J. Transp. Health 12: 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.007.
Vale, D. S., M. Saraiva, and M. Pereira. 2016. “Active accessibility: A review of operational measures of walking and cycling accessibility.” J. Transp. Land Use 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.593.
Van Cauwenberg, J., E. Cerin, A. Timperio, J. Salmon, B. Deforche, and J. Veitch. 2017. “Is the association between park proximity and recreational physical activity among mid-older aged adults moderated by park quality and neighborhood conditions?” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (2): 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020192.
Van Dyck, D., et al. 2020. “Do physical activity and sedentary time mediate the association of the perceived environment with BMI? The IPEN adult study.” Health Place 64: 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102366.
Van Dyck, D., G. Cardon, B. Deforche, J. F. Sallis, N. Owen, and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2010. “Neighborhood SES and walkability are related to physical activity behavior in Belgian adults.” Prev. Med. 50: S74–S79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.027.
Van Holle, V., I. De Bourdeaudhuij, B. Deforche, J. Van Cauwenberg, and D. Van Dyck. 2015. “Assessment of physical activity in older Belgian adults: Validity and reliability of an adapted interview version of the long international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-L).” BMC Public Health 15 (1): 433. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1785-3.
Van Holle, V., J. Van Cauwenberg, F. Gheysen, D. Van Dyck, B. Deforche, N. Van de Weghe, and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2016. “The association between Belgian older adults’ physical functioning and physical activity: What is the moderating role of the physical environment?” PLoS One 11 (2): e0148398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148398.
Vanwolleghem, G., A. Ghekiere, G. Cardon, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, S. D’Haese, C. M. Geremia, M. Lenoir, J. F. Sallis, H. Verhoeven, and D. Van Dyck. 2016. “Using an audit tool (MAPS global) to assess the characteristics of the physical environment related to walking for transport in youth: Reliability of Belgian data.” Int. J. Health Geographics 15 (1): 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-016-0069-1.
Vargo, J., B. Stone, and K. Glanz. 2012. “Google walkability: A new tool for local planning and public health research?” J. Phys. Act. Health 9 (5): 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.5.689.
Wang, R., Y. Lu, J. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. Yao, and Y. Liu. 2019. “The relationship between visual enclosure for neighbourhood street walkability and elders’ mental health in China: Using street view images.” J. Transp.& Health 13: 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.02.009.
Wang, Y., C. K. Chau, W. Y. Ng, and T. M. Leung. 2016. “A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods.” Cities 50: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.004.
Wasfi, R. A., K. Dasgupta, N. Eluru, and N. A. Ross. 2016. “Exposure to walkable neighbourhoods in urban areas increases utilitarian walking: Longitudinal study of Canadians.” J. Transp. Health 3 (4): 440–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.08.001.
Weng, M., N. Ding, J. Li, X. Jin, H. Xiao, Z. He, and S. Su. 2019. “The 15-minute walkable neighborhoods: Measurement, social inequalities and implications for building healthy communities in urban China.” J. Transp. Health 13: 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.05.005.
Williams, G. C., M. M. Borghese, and I. Janssen. 2018. “Neighborhood walkability and objectively measured active transportation among 10–13 year olds.” J. Transp. Health 8: 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.12.006.
Wimbardana, R., A. K. M. Tarigan, and S. Sagala. 2018. “Does a pedestrian environment promote walkability? Auditing a pedestrian environment using the pedestrian environmental data scan instrument.” J. Reg. City Plann. 29 (1): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.5614/jrcp.2018.29.1.5.
Woo, A., C.-Y. Yu, and S. Lee. 2019. “Neighborhood walkability for subsidized households: Revisiting neighborhood environments of housing choice voucher and low-income housing tax credit households.” Cities 89: 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.03.002.
Yang, W., X. Zhen, W. Gao, and S. Ouyang. 2020. “An examination of the impact of neighbourhood walking environments on the likelihood of residents of dense urban areas becoming overweight or obese.” Can. Geogr. 64 (4): 619–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12614.
Yang, Y., and A. V. Diez-Roux. 2017. “Adults’ daily walking for travel and leisure: Interaction between attitude toward walking and the neighborhood environment.” Am. J. Health Promot. 31 (5): 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116669278.
Yang, Y., D. He, Z. Gou, R. Wang, Y. Liu, and Y. Lu. 2019. “Association between street greenery and walking behavior in older adults in Hong Kong.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 51: 101747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101747.
Yun, H. Y. 2019. “Environmental factors associated with older adult’s walking behaviors: A systematic review of quantitative studies.” Sustainability 11 (12): 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123253.
Zeng, F., and Z. Shen. 2020. “Study on the impact of historic district built environment and its influence on residents’ walking trips: A case study of Zhangzhou ancient city’s historic district.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (12): 4367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124367.
Zhang, W., F. Gao, S. Sun, Q. Yu, J. Tang, and B. Liu. 2020. “A distribution model for shared parking in residential zones that considers the utilization rate and the walking distance.” J. Adv. Transp. 2020: e6147974. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6147974.
Zhao, L., Z. Shen, Y. Zhang, and Y. Ma. 2019. “The impact of the community built environment on the walking times of residents in a community in the downtown area of Fuzhou.” Sustainability 11 (3): 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030691.
Zhao, P., and J. Wan. 2020. “Examining the effects of neighbourhood design on walking in growing megacity.” Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 86: 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102417.
Zhao, Y., and P.-K. Chung. 2017. “Neighborhood environment walkability and health-related quality of life among older adults in Hong Kong.” Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 73: 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.08.003.
Zhong, S., C. Lee, and H. Lee. 2020. “Community environments that promote intergenerational interactions vs. walking among older adults.” Front. Public Health 8: 587363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.587363.
Zhu, W., Y. Sun, J. Kurka, C. Geremia, J. K. Engelberg, K. Cain, T. Conway, J. F. Sallis, S. P. Hooker, and M. A. Adams. 2017. “Reliability between online raters with varying familiarities of a region: Microscale audit of pedestrian streetscapes (MAPS).” Landscape Urban Plann. 167: 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.06.014.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 148 • Issue 4 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 29, 2021
Accepted: May 27, 2022
Published online: Sep 9, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 9, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.