Abstract

One of the most common activities among tourists is walking, providing visitors with a range of different experiences of the places they visit. These experiences can vary, depending on the time of the year, weather, and, most importantly, the motivations of the individual. Much attention has gone into understanding the ways in which built and natural environments create opportunities for people to walk. However, the motivations and walking behaviors of tourists can differ from those of local residents. This paper explores walkability by adopting a systematic review of literature on different databases. The descriptive theme is focused on the general importance of walkability and four major themes on tourist walking studies are identified. The findings from the studies and their limitations point toward a need for further study, with a focus on local residents and tourists in order to understand whether there are differences and to understand the attributes that may affect their walking behaviors and experiences.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Abley, S. 2005. “Walkability scoping paper.” Christchurch, New Zealand: Abley Transportation Consultants.
Addy, C. L., D. K. Wilson, K. A. Kirtland, B. E. Ainsworth, P. Sharpe, and D. Kimsey. 2004. “Associations of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior.” Am. J. Public Health 94 (3): 440–443. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.3.440.
Aho, S. K. 2001. “Towards a general theory of touristic experiences: Modelling experience process in tourism.” Tourism Rev. 56 (3+4): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058368.
Alfonzo, M. A. 2005. “To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs.” Environ. Behav. 37 (6): 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016.
Allaire, G. 1998. “Medieval Italian pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela: New literary evidence.” J. Medieval Hist. 24 (2): 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00004-9.
Ameel, L., and S. Tani. 2012. “Everyday aesthetics in action: Parkour eyes and the beauty of concrete walls.” Emotion Space Soc. 5 (3): 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2011.09.003.
Appleyard, D. 1987. Public streets for public use. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Appleyard, D., K. Lynch, and J. R. Myer. 1964. The view from the road. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ashworth, G., and S. J. Page. 2011. “Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes.” Tourism Manage. 32 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.002.
Ashworth, G. J., and A. G. J. Dietvorst. 1995. “Tourism and spatial transformations.” In Tourist behaviour and the importance of time-space analysis, 163–181. Wallingford, UK: Cab International.
Atash, F. 1994. “Redesigning suburbia for walking and transit: Emerging concepts.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 120 (1): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(1994)120:1(48).
Ball, K., A. Bauman, E. Leslie, and N. Owen. 2001. “Perceived environmental aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for exercise among Australian adults.” Preventive Med. 33 (5): 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0912.
Bauman, A., B. Smith, L. Stoker, B. Bellew, and M. Booth. 1999. “Geographical influences upon physical activity participation: Evidence of a ‘coastal effect’.” Aust. N.Z. J. Public Health 23 (3): 322–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01265.x.
Beatley, T., and K. Manning. 1997. The ecology of place: Planning for environment, economy, and community. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Berrigan, D., and R. P. Troiano. 2002. “The association between urban form and physical activity in US adults.” Am. J. Preventive Med. 23 (2): 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00476-2.
Boarnet, M., and R. Crane. 2001. “The influence of land use on travel behavior: Empirical strategies.” Transp. Res. A 35: 823–845.
Boarnet, M. G., C. L. Anderson, K. Day, T. McMillan, and M. Alfonzo. 2005. “Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School legislation: Urban form changes and children’s active transportation to school.” Am. J. Preventive Med. 28 (2): 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.026.
Boland, A., G. Cherry, and R. Dickson. 2017. Doing a systematic review: A student’s guide. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Sage.
Booth, M. L., N. Owen, A. Bauman, O. Clavisi, and E. Leslie. 2000. “Social–cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians.” Preventive Med. 31 (1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0661.
Bopp, M., S. Wilcox, M. Laken, K. Butler, R. E. Carter, L. McClorin, and A. Yancey. 2006. “Factors associated with physical activity among African-American men and women.” Am. J. Preventive Med. 30 (4): 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.007.
Brown, B. B., C. M. Werner, J. W. Amburgey, and C. Szalay. 2007. “Walkable route perceptions and physical features: Converging evidence for en route walking experiences.” Environ. Behav. 39 (1): 34–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506295569.
Brown, L., D. de Coteau, and N. Lavrushkina. 2020. “Taking a walk: The female tourist experience.” Tourist Stud. 20 (3): 354–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797620930036.
Brownson, R. C., E. A. Baker, R. A. Housemann, L. K. Brennan, and S. J. Bacak. 2001. “Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States.” Am. J. Public Health 91 (12): 1995–2003. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.12.1995.
Carver, A., J. Salmon, K. Campbell, L. Baur, S. Garnett, and D. Crawford. 2005. “How do perceptions of local neighborhood relate to adolescents’ walking and cycling?” Am. J. Health Promot. 20 (2): 139–147. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-20.2.139.
Cerin, E., E. Leslie, L. du Toit, N. Owen, and L. D. Frank. 2007. “Destinations that matter: Associations with walking for transport.” Health Place 13 (3): 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.11.002.
Certeau, M. D. 1984. The practice of everyday life. Translated by S. Rendall. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cervero, R., and K. Kockelman. 1997. “Travel demand and the 3ds: Density, diversity, and design.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2 (3): 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6.
Chad, K. E., B. A. Reeder, E. L. Harrison, N. L. Ashworth, S. M. Sheppard, S. L. Schultz, B. G. Bruner, K. L. Fisher, and J. A. Lawson. 2005. “Profile of physical activity levels in community-dwelling older adults.” Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 37 (10): 1774–1784. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000181303.51937.9c.
Chan, E. T., T. E. Li, T. Schwanen, and D. Banister. 2021. “People and their walking environments: An exploratory study of meanings, place and times.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 15 (9): 718–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1793437.
Chang, T. C. 2012. “Walking as an urban design problem; Understanding the activity of walking in the urban environment.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
Cherrill, G., and M. Donn. 2020. “Methods to assess the risk of condensation from thermal bridges in timber-framed houses: A systematic literature review.” In Proc., 54th Int. Conf. of the Architectural Science Association, 1–10. Architectural Science Association. Accessed May 21, 2021. https://anzasca.net/.
Chhetri, P., C. Arrowsmith, and M. Jackson. 2004. “Determining hiking experiences in nature-based tourist destinations.” Tourism Manage. 25 (1): 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00057-8.
Clark, M. I., T. R. Berry, J. C. Spence, C. Nykiforuk, M. Carlson, and C. Blanchard. 2010. “Key stakeholder perspectives on the development of walkable neighbourhoods.” Health Place 16 (1): 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.08.001.
Coble, T. G., S. W. Selin, and B. B. Erickson. 2003. “Hiking alone: Understanding fear, negotiation strategies and leisure experience.” J. Leisure Res. 35 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2003-v35-i1-608.
Cole, S. T., and D. Scott. 2004. “Examining the mediating role of experience quality in a model of tourist experiences.” J. Travel Tourism Marketing 16 (1): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v16n01_08.
Curry, L. A., I. M. Nembhard, and E. H. Bradley. 2009. “Qualitative and mixed methods provide unique contributions to outcomes research.” Circulation 119 (10): 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742775.
Cutler, S. Q., B. Carmichael, and S. Doherty. 2014. “The Inca Trail experience: Does the journey matter?” Ann. Tourism Res. 45: 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.12.016.
Cutler Quinlan, S., S. Doherty, B. Carmichael. 2018. “The experience sampling method: Examining its use and potential in tourist experience research.” Curr. Issues Tourism 21 (9): 1052–1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1131670.
Dann, G. M. 1981. “Tourist motivation an appraisal.” Ann. Tourism Res. 8 (2): 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7.
Davies, N. 2018. “Who walks, where and why? Practitioners’ observations and perspectives on recreational walkers at UK tourist destinations.” Ann. Leisure Res. 21 (5): 553–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1250648.
Deforche, B., J. Lefevre, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, A. P. Hills, W. Duquet, and J. Bouckaert. 2003. “Physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese flemish youth.” Obesity Res. 11 (3): 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.59.
den Breejen, L. 2007. “The experiences of long distance walking: A case study of the West Highland Way in Scotland.” Tourism Manage. 28 (6): 1417–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.12.004.
Duncan, M. J., J. C. Spence, and W. K. Mummery. 2005. “Perceived environment and physical activity: A meta-analysis of selected environmental characteristics.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-2-11.
Edwards, D., and T. Griffin. 2013. “Understanding tourists’ spatial behaviour: GPS tracking as an aid to sustainable destination management.” J. Sustainable Tourism 21 (4): 580–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.776063.
Edwards, D., T. Griffin, B. Hayllar, T. Dickson, and S. Schweinsberg. 2009. Understanding tourist ‘experiences’ and ‘behaviour’ in cities. Rep. Gold Coast, Queensland: Sustainable Tourism Co-operative Research Centre.
Ewing, R., and R. Cervero. 2001. “The influence of land use on travel behavior: Empirical strategies.” Transp. Res. Policy Pract. 35: 823–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(00)00019-7.
Ewing, R., and R. Cervero. 2010. “Travel and the built environment: A meta-analysis.” J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 76 (3): 265–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766.
Ewing, R., and S. Handy. 2009. “Measuring the unmeasurable: Urban design qualities related to walkability.” J. Urban Des. 14 (1): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802451155.
Farkić, J., D. Perić, M. Lesjak, and M. Petelin. 2015. “Urban walking: Perspectives of locals and tourists.” Geog. Pannonica 19 (4): 212–222. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan1504212F.
Forsyth, A. 2015. “What is a walkable place? The walkability debate in urban design.” Urban Des. Int. 20 (4): 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.22.
Forsyth, A., and M. Southworth. 2008. “Cities afoot–pedestrians, walkability and urban design.” J. Urban Des. 13 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701816896.
Foster, C., M. Hillsdon, and M. Thorogood. 2004. “Environmental perceptions and walking in English adults.” J. Epidemiol. Community Health 58 (11): 924–928. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.014068.
Frank, L. D., T. L. Schmid, J. F. Sallis, J. Chapman, and B. E. Saelens. 2005. “Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ.” Am. J. Preventive Med. 28 (2): 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001.
Friedman, B., S. P. Gordon, and J. B. Peers. 1994. “Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1466: 63–70.
Gallin, N. 2001. “Quantifying pedestrian friendliness–guidelines for assessing pedestrian level of service.” Road Transp. Res. 10 (1): 47.
Gehl, J. 1980. Vol. 23 of Life between buildings. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gehl, J. 2013. Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island press.
Gehl, J. 2017. “How to build a good city.” Interview. October 4, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_x5Hor2MP8.
Gilderbloom, J. I., W. W. Riggs, and W. L. Meares. 2015. “Does walkability matter? An examination of walkability’s impact on housing values, foreclosures and crime.” Cities 42: 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.08.001.
Giles-Corti, B., and R. J. Donovan. 2002. “The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity.” Social Sci. Med. 54 (12): 1793–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00150-2.
Giles-Corti, B., and R. J. Donovan. 2003. “Relative influences of individual, social environmental, and physical environmental correlates of walking.” Am. J. Public Health 93 (9): 1583–1589. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1583.
Gjerde, M. 2015. “Street perceptions: A study of visual preferences for New Zealand streetscapes.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Architecture, Victoria Univ. of Wellington.
Gordon, C. 1961. The concise townscape. London: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing.
Gorrini, A., and V. Bertini. 2018. “Walkability assessment and tourism cities: The case of Venice.” Int. J. Tourism Cities 4 (3): 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-11-2017-0072.
Gregory, A., and S. J. Page. 2010. “Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes.” Tourism Manage 32 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.002.
Hall, C. M., D.-T. Le-Klähn, and Y. Ram. 2017. Tourism, public transport and sustainable mobility. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications.
Hall, C. M., and S. J. Page. 1999. The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Hall, C. M., and Y. Ram. 2019. “Weather and climate in the assessment of tourism-related walkability.” Int. J. Biometeorol. 65: 729–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01801-2.
Handy, S. 1993. “Regional versus local accessibility: Implications for nonwork travel.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1400: 58–66.
Handy, S. L. 1996. “Understanding the link between urban form and nonwork travel behavior.” J. Plann. Educ. Res. 15 (3): 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X9601500303.
Handy, S. L., M. G. Boarnet, R. Ewing, and R. E. Killingsworth. 2002. “How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning.” Am. J. Preventive Med. 23 (2): 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00475-0.
Heckhausen, H. 1989. Motivation and action. Berlin: Springer.
Henderson, J. 2018. “Making cities more walkable for tourists: A view from Singapore’s streets.” Int. J. Tourism Cities 4 (3): 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-11-2017-0059.
Hess, P. M. 1997. “Measures of connectivity [streets: Old paradigm, new investment].” Places 11 (2): 58–65.
Hsu, C. H., L. A. Cai, and M. Li. 2010. “Expectation, motivation, and attitude: A tourist behavioral model.” J. Travel Res. 49 (3): 282–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349266.
Humpel, N., N. Owen, and E. Leslie. 2002. “Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: A review.” Am. J. Preventive Med. 22 (3): 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00426-3.
Jacobs, J. 1961. The death and life of American Cities. New York: Random House.
Jacobs, J. 1993. Great streets. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Khisty, C. J. 1994. “Evaluation of pedestrian facilities: Beyond the level-of-service concept.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1438: 45–50.
King, W. C., J. S. Brach, S. Belle, R. Killingsworth, M. Fenton, and A. M. Kriska. 2003. “The relationship between convenience of destinations and walking levels in older women.” Am. J. Health Promot. 18 (1): 74–82. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.74.
Larsen, S. 2007. “Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience.” Scand. J. Hospitality Tourism 7 (1): 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701226014.
Lee, E., and J. Dean. 2018. “Perceptions of walkability and determinants of walking behaviour among urban seniors in Toronto, Canada.” J. Transp. Health 9: 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.03.004.
Leslie, E., B. Saelens, L. Frank, N. Owen, A. Bauman, N. Coffee, and G. Hugo. 2005. “Residents’ perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods: A pilot study.” Health Place 11 (3): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.05.005.
Leyden, K. M. 2003. “Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods.” Am. J. Public Health 93 (9): 1546–1551. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546.
Li, F., K. J. Fisher, and R. C. Brownson. 2005. “A multilevel analysis of change in neighborhood walking activity in older adults.” J. Aging Phys. Act. 13 (2): 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.2.145.
Lumsdon, L., and J. Spence. 2002. “Rationale and design of urban recreational walking trails in several cities in the UK.” In Proc., Walk 21-3rd Conf.: Steps Towards Livable Cities, 56–68. Accessed June 11, 2021. https://walk21.com/work/conference/.
Lynch, K. 1959. “A walk around the block.” Landscape 8: 24–34.
Lynch, K. 1960. The image of the city, 1st ed. Massachusetts, MA: MIT Press.
Manaugh, K., and A. M. El-Geneidy. 2012. “What makes travel ‘local’ defining and understanding local travel behavior.” J. Transp. Land Use 5 (3): 15–27.
Mangham, C., and P. W. Viscount. 1997. “Along the boardwalk: Effects of a boardwalk on walking behaviour within a Nova Scotia community.” Can. J. Public Health 88 (5): 325. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403899.
Mansouri, M., and N. Ujang. 2016. “Tourist’expectation and satisfaction towards pedestrian networks in the historical district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.” Asian Geogr. 33 (1): 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2016.1185639.
Mehta, V. 2008. “Walkable streets: Pedestrian behavior, perceptions and attitudes.” J. Urbanism 1 (3): 217–245.
Mezoued, A. M., Q. Letesson, and V. Kaufmann. 2021. “Making the slow metropolis by designing walkability: A methodology for the evaluation of public space design and prioritizing pedestrian mobility.” Urban Res. Pract. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2021.1875038.
Millington, C., C. W. Thompson, D. Rowe, P. Aspinall, C. Fitzsimons, N. Nelson, and N. Mutrie 2009. “Development of the Scottish walkability assessment tool (SWAT).” Health Place 15 (2): 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.007.
Moscardo, G. 1996. “Mindful visitors: Heritage and tourism.” Ann. Tourism Res. 23 (2): 376–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00068-2.
Murray, D. 1964. “Book review: Motivation and emotion.” Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 16 (2): 191–192.
Murray, M., and B. Graham. 1997. “Exploring the dialectics of route-based tourism: The Camino de Santiago.” Tourism Manage. 18 (8): 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00075-7.
Nasar, J. L. 1997. “New developments in aesthetics for urban design.” In Toward the integration of theory, methods, research, and utilization, 149–193. Berlin: Springer.
Orstad, S. L., M. H. McDonough, S. Stapleton, C. Altincekic, and P. J. Troped. 2017. “A systematic review of agreement between perceived and objective neighborhood environment measures and associations with physical activity outcomes.” Environ. Behav. 49 (8): 904–932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516670982.
Park, D. 2013. “International study on factor structure to create a city center vibrant with pedestrians-a field survey of Kyoto, Seoul, Beijing and Florence.” Ph.D. thesis, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Univ.
Phillips, E. M., J. C. Schneider, and G. R. Mercer. 2004. “Motivating elders to initiate and maintain exercise.” Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85: 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.012.
Phillips, J., N. Walford, A. Hockey, N. Foreman, and M. Lewis. 2013. “Older people and outdoor environments: Pedestrian anxieties and barriers in the use of familiar and unfamiliar spaces.” Geoforum 47: 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.002.
Pinder, D. 2005. “Arts of urban exploration.” Cultural Geographies 12 (4): 383–411. https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474005eu347oa.
Powell, K. E., L. M. Martin, and P. P. Chowdhury. 2003. “Places to walk: Convenience and regular physical activity.” Am. J. Public Health 93 (9): 1519–1521. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1519.
Ram, Y., and C. M. Hall. 2018. “Walking tourism in cities: Introducing the special issue.” Int. J. Tourism Cities 4 (3): 281–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2018-098.
Rapoport, A. 1987. “Pedestrian street use: Culture and perception.” In Public streets for public use, edited by A. Moudon, 80–94. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Reed, J. A., B. E. Ainsworth, D. K. Wilson, G. Mixon, and A. Cook. 2004. “Awareness and use of community walking trails.” Preventive Med. 39 (5): 903–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.013.
Ross, C. E. 2000. “Walking, exercising, and smoking: Does neighborhood matter?” Social Sci. Med. 51 (2): 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00451-7.
Saelens, B. E., J. F. Sallis, J. B. Black, and D. Chen. 2003a. “Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: An environment scale evaluation.” Am. J. Public Health 93 (9): 1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552.
Saelens, B. E., J. F. Sallis, and L. D. Frank. 2003b. “Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures.” Ann. Behav. Med. 25 (2): 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03.
Sallis, J. F., and N. Owen. 1997. “Ecological models.” In Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Samarasekara, G. N., K. Fukahori, and Y. Kubota. 2011. “Environmental correlates that provide walkability cues for tourists: An analysis based on walking decision narrations.” Environ. Behav. 43 (4): 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916510379350.
Sarkar, S. 1993. “Determination of service levels for pedestrians, with European examples.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1405: 35–42.
Sarkar, S. 2003. “Qualitative evaluation of comfort needs in urban walkways in major activity centers.” Transp. Q. 57 (4): 39–59.
Sarmento, J. 2017. “Tourists’ walking rhythms: ‘doing’ the Tunis Medina, Tunisia.” Social Cultural Geogr. 18 (3): 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1174283.
Seedat, M., S. MacKenzie, and D. Mohan. 2006. “The phenomenology of being a female pedestrian in an African and an Asian city: A qualitative investigation.” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 9 (2): 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2005.09.005.
Selstad, L. 2007. “The social anthropology of the tourist experience. Exploring the ‘middle role’.” Scand. J. Hospitality Tourism 7 (1): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701256771.
Sharpe, P. A., M. L. Granner, B. Hutto, and B. E. Ainsworth. 2004. “Association of environmental factors to meeting physical activity recommendations in two South Carolina counties.” Am. J. Health Promot. 18 (3): 251–257. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.3.251.
Shaw, G., S. Agarwal, and P. Bull. 2000. “Tourism consumption and tourist behaviour: A British perspective.” Tourism Geographies 2 (3): 264–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680050082526.
Solnit, R. 2001. Wanderlust: A history of walking. London: Penguin.
Southworth, M. 2005. “Designing the walkable city.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 131 (4): 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(246).
Supitchayangkool, S. 2012. “The differences between satisfied/dissatisfied tourists towards service quality and revisiting Pattaya, Thailand.” Int. J. Bus. Manage. 7 (6): 30–39. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n6p30.
Thompson, K. J. 2003. “Urban transport networks and overseas visitors: Analysis of the factors affecting usage and the implications for destination management.” Ph.D. thesis, School of the Built Environment, Univ. of Salford.
Thornton, P., A. Williams, and G. Shaw. 1997. “Revisiting time–space diaries: An exploratory case study of tourist behaviour in Cornwall, England.” Environ. Plann. A 29 (10): 1847–1867. https://doi.org/10.1068/a291847.
Ujang, N., and Z. Muslim. 2014. “Walkability and attachment to tourism places in the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.” Athens J. Tourism 2 (1): 53–65.
van Lenthe, F. J., J. Brug, and J. P. Mackenbach 2005. “Neighbourhood inequalities in physical inactivity: The role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands.” Social Sci. Med. 60 (4): 763–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.013.
Vojnovic, I. 2006. “Building communities to promote physical activity: A multi-scale geographical analysis.” Geogr. Ann. Ser. B Hum. Geogr. 88 (1): 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2006.00206.x.
Volo, S. 2009. “Conceptualizing experience: A tourist based approach.” J. Hospitality Marketing Manage. 18 (2–3): 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620802590134.
Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
Wang, W., P. Li, W. Wang, and M. Namgung. 2012. “Exploring determinants of pedestrians’ satisfaction with sidewalk environments: Case study in Korea.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 138 (2): 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000105.
Werner, C. M., B. B. Brown, T. Stump, C. P. Tribby, W. Jensen, H. J. Miller, A. Strebel, and A. Messina. 2018. “Street use and design: Daily rhythms on four streets that differ in rated walkability.” J. Urban Des. 23 (4): 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1448706.
Whyte, W. H. 1980. The social life of small urban spaces. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation.
World Tourism Organisation. 2008. “United Nations standards for measuring tourism: Glossary of tourism terms.” Accessed July 2, 2021. https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms.
Wright, P. 1985. On living in an old country: The national past in contemporary Britain. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Yan, A. F., C. C. Voorhees, K. Clifton, and C. Burnier. 2010. “‘Do you see what I see?’ –Correlates of multidimensional measures of neighborhood types and perceived physical activity–related neighborhood barriers and facilitators for urban youth.” Preventive Med. 50: S18–S23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.015.
Yang, L., X. Wang, G. Sun, and Y. Li. 2020. “Modeling the perception of walking environmental quality in a traffic-free tourist destination.” J. Travel Tourism Marketing 37 (5): 608–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1598534.
Yun, H. J., D. J. Kang, and M. J. Lee. 2018. “Spatiotemporal distribution of urban walking tourists by season using GPS-based smartphone application.” Asia Pac. J. Tourism Res. 23 (11): 1047–1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1513949.
Zakaria, J., and N. Ujang. 2015. “Comfort of walking in the city center of Kuala Lumpur.” Procedia-Social Behav. Sci. 170: 642–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.066.
Zakariya, K. 2006. “Refining tourist’s place experience through placemaking: A case study on Middle East tourists in Kuala Lumpur city centre.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Built Environment, Univ. Technology Malaysia.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 148Issue 2June 2022

History

Received: Jul 14, 2021
Accepted: Dec 7, 2021
Published online: Feb 22, 2022
Published in print: Jun 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 22, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Ph.D. Candidate, Architecture and Design, Victoria Univ. of Wellington, Wellington 6011, New Zealand (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-1220. Email: [email protected]
Associate Professor, Architecture and Design, Victoria Univ. of Wellington, Wellington 6011, New Zealand. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-6320. Email: [email protected]
Brenda Vale [email protected]
Professor, Architecture and Design, Victoria Univ. of Wellington, Wellington 6011, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share