Framework for Comparative Evaluation of Car-Sharing Alternatives for Urban and Suburban Regions: Case Study of Mumbai, India
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 147, Issue 3
Abstract
Indian cities are facing increases in their population, a crisis with space, and urbanization, which is leading to severe transport sector emissions, congestion, and unsustainable growth in car ownership. One solution is to adopt car-sharing, which is a good example of a circular economy (CE) and promotes sustainable mobility development. There are many car-sharing models; however, minimal knowledge is available regarding their suitability for Indian cities. This study will attempt to bridge the knowledge gap by developing a framework to compare car-sharing models. Further, an appropriate car-sharing model will be identified for Mumbai, India. This framework will be based on a scenario-based comparative analysis and will employ experts’ judgment that is based on a multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The aggregated results from the experts’ input indicate that a carpool would be the preferred car-sharing model for urban and suburban scenarios. Accessibility and transport cost are the most critical indicators for urban and suburban regions, respectively. A detailed discussion on each criterion and indicator will be provided to develop suitable recommendations for future policymaking and asset utilization. A rigorous sensitivity analysis that used 25 different weight-based scenarios will be conducted to assess the robustness and internally validate the results. The sensitivity analysis suggested that focusing on individual indicators was not enough to influence the overall results; however, technical and environmental and health criteria were identified as the most sensitive in this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the editor and three reviewers for their valuable comments and effort. The authors acknowledge the help received from experts who participated in the questionnaire survey and provided their input. The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, and the CUSE, IIT Bombay, for providing all necessary funding and support.
References
Abotah, R., and T. U. Daim. 2017. “Towards building a multi perspective policy development framework for transition into renewable energy.” Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 21: 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.04.004.
Al Sawaf, M. B., and F. Karaca. 2018. “Different stakeholders’ opinions toward the sustainability of common textile wastewater treatment technologies in Turkey: A case study Istanbul province.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 42: 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.027.
Ardra, M., and G. Rejikumar. 2017. “Examining adoption intentions of women in Kochi regarding uber services.” Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 117 (20): 937–943.
Awasthi, A., S. S. Chauhan, and H. Omrani. 2011. “Application of fuzzy TOPSIS in evaluating sustainable transportation systems.” Expert Syst. Appl. 38 (10): 12270–12280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.005.
Ballús-Armet, I., S. A. Shaheen, K. Clonts, and D. Weinzimmer. 2014. “Peer-to-peer carsharing: Exploring public perception and market characteristics in the San Francisco Bay area, California.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2416: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.3141/2416-04.
Bandeira, R. A. M., M. A. D'Agosto, S. K. Ribeiro, A. P. F. Bandeira, and G. V. Goes. 2018. “A fuzzy multi-criteria model for evaluating sustainable urban freight transportation operations.” J. Cleaner Prod. 184: 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.234.
Baptista, P., S. Melo, and C. Rolim. 2015. “Car sharing systems as a sustainable transport policy: A case study from Lisbon, Portugal.” In Vol. 7 of Sustainable urban transport, edited by M. Attard and Y. Shiftan, 205–227. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Becker, H., F. Ciari, and K. W. Axhausen. 2017. “Comparing car-sharing schemes in Switzerland: User groups and usage patterns.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 97: 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.004.
Berlingerio, M., B. Ghaddar, R. Guidotti, A. Pascale, and A. Sassi. 2017. “The GRAAL of carpooling: GReen And sociAL optimization from crowd-sourced data.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 80: 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.02.025.
Bharadwaj, S., S. Ballare, and M. K. Chandel. 2017. “Impact of congestion on greenhouse gas emissions for road transport in Mumbai metropolitan region.” Transp. Res. Procedia 25: 3538–3551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.282.
Biondi, E., C. Boldrini, and R. Bruno. 2016. “Optimal deployment of stations for a car-sharing system with stochastic demands: A queueing theoretical perspective.” In Proc., IEEE 19th Int. Conf. Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1089–1095. New York: IEEE.
Blomme, J. L. 2016. “A city-level analysis of B2C carsharing in Europe.” Master thesis, Innovation Sciences, Utrecht Univ., 1–87.
Bose, R. K., and D. Sperling. 2002. “Transport in Delhi, India: Environmental problems and opportunities.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1815 (1): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.3141/1815-01.
Bozóki, S., and T. Rapcsák. 2008. “On Saaty’s and Koczkodaj’s inconsistencies of pairwise comparison matrices.” J. Global Optim. 42 (2): 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10898-007-9236-z.
Buzási, A., and M. Csete. 2015. “Sustainability indicators in assessing urban transport systems.” Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng. 43 (3): 138–145. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.7825.
Çalık, A., S. Çizmecioğlu, and A. Akpınar. 2019. “An integrated AHP-TOPSIS framework for foreign direct investment in Turkey.” J. Multi-Criteria Decis. Anal. 26 (5–6): 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1692.
Chen, X., and J. Zhao. 2013. “Bidding to drive: Car license auction policy in shanghai and its public acceptance.” Transp. Policy 27: 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.016.
Cheshmehzangi, A., and S. M. Thomas. 2016. “Prioritizing accessible transit systems for sustainable urban development: Understanding and evaluating the parameters of a transportation system in Mumbai.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 142 (4): 05016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000338.
Chikaraishi, M., A. Jana, R. Bardhan, V. Varghese, and A. Fujiwara. 2017. “A framework to analyze capability and travel in formal and informal urban settings: A case from Mumbai.” J. Transp. Geogr. 65: 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.09.001.
Ciari, F., B. Bock, and M. Balmer. 2014. “Modeling station-based and free-floating carsharing demand: Test case study for Berlin.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2416 (1): 37–47. https://doi.org/10.3141/2416-05.
Civan, F. 2016. “Model-assisted analysis and interpretation of laboratory and field tests.” In Reservoir formation damage, 135–178. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Clark, B., G. Lyons, and K. Chatterjee. 2016. “Understanding the process that gives rise to household car ownership level changes.” J. Transp. Geogr. 55: 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.07.009.
COI (Census of India). 2001. Accessed July 25, 2019. http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/H-Series/H-Series_link/S00-012.pdf.
COI (Census of India). 2011. Accessed July 25, 2019. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hh-series/hh01.html.
Daim, T. U. 2016. Hierarchical decision modeling: Essays in honor of Dundar F. Kocaoglu. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Daim, T. U., I. Iskin, and D. Ho. 2011. “Technology forecasting for residential energy management devices.” Foresight 13 (6): 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636681111179609.
Dargay, J., D. Gately, and M. Sommer. 2007. “Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide: 1960–2030.” Energy J. 28 (4): 143–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/41323125.
Davey, P., and L. Balakrishnan. 2017. “A study on factors influencing brand preferences among baby Boomers and generation Y buyers in passenger car segment focussing Chennai region.” Int. J. Manage. Sci. Bus. Res. 6 (4): 19–32.
Davies, N. J., and R. Weston. 2015. “Reducing car-use for leisure: Can organised walking groups switch from car travel to bus and train walks?” J. Transp. Geogr. 48: 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.08.009.
de Almeida Guimarães, V., and I. C. L. Junior. 2017. “Performance assessment and evaluation method for passenger transportation: A step toward sustainability.” J. Cleaner Prod. 142: 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.071.
Deb, R. 2017. “Take one step forward and #SwitchToPOOL.” Accessed July 25, 2019. https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/new-delhi/switch-to-pool/.
Deveci, M., F. Canıtez, and I. Gökaşar. 2018. “WASPAS and TOPSIS based interval type-2 fuzzy MCDM method for a selection of a car sharing station.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 41: 777–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.034.
Dewan, K. K., and I. Ahmad. 2007. “Carpooling: A step to reduce congestion.” Eng. Lett. 14 (1): 61–66.
Dhar, S., M. Pathak, and P. R. Shukla. 2017. “Electric vehicles and India's low carbon passenger transport: A long-term co-benefits assessment.” J. Cleaner Prod. 146: 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.111.
Dill, J., S. Howland, and N. McNeil. 2014. “Peer-to-peer carsharing: A preliminary analysis of vehicle owners in Portland, Oregon, and the potential to meet policy objectives.” In Proc., Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
EEA (European Environment Agency). 2013. “Environmental indicator report.” Accessed July 25, 2019. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental-indicator-report-2013.
Egilmez, G., S. Gumus, and M. Kucukvar. 2015. “Environmental sustainability benchmarking of the U.S. and Canada metropoles: An expert judgment-based multi-criteria decision making approach.” Cities 42: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.08.006.
Figueira, J., S. Greco, and M. Ehrgott. 2005. Multiple-criteria decision-analysis: State of the art surveys. Berlin: Springer.
Firnkorn, J., and S. Shaheen. 2016. “Generic time- and method-interdependencies of empirical impact-measurements: A generalizable model of adaptation-processes of carsharing-users” mobility-behavior over time.” J. Cleaner Prod. 113: 897–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.115.
Genikomsakis, K. N., C. S. Ioakimidis, B. Bocquier, D. Savvidis, and D. Simic. 2013. “Electromobility and carsharing/carpooling services at the University of Deusto: A preliminary exploratory survey.” In Proc., 16th Int. IEEE Conf., Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1935–1940. New York: IEEE.
Gogate, N. G., P. P. Kalbar, and P. M. Raval. 2017. “Assessment of stormwater management options in urban contexts using Multiple Attribute Decision-Making.” J. Cleaner Prod. 142: 2046–2059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.079.
GOI (Government of India). 2017. “Total road length in India from 2001 to 2015.” Accessed July 25, 2019. https://community.data.gov.in/total-road-length-in-india-from-2001-to-2015/.
Haghshenas, H., and M. Vaziri. 2012. “Urban sustainable transportation indicators for global comparison.” Ecol. Indic. 15 (1): 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.010.
Hallum, D., and T. U. Daim. 2009. “A hierarchical decision model for optimum design alternative selection.” Int. J Decis. Sci. Risk Manage. 1 (1–2): 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJDSRM.2009.027243.
Hampshire, R. C., and C. Gaites. 2011. “Peer-to-peer carsharing: Market analysis and potential growth.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2217: 119–126. https://doi.org/10.3141/2217-15.
Hampshire, R. C., and S. Sinha. 2011. “A simulation study of Peer-to-Peer carsharing.” In Proc., 2011 IEEE Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation System, 159–163. New York: IEEE.
Heilig, M., N. Mallig, O. Schröder, M. Kagerbauer, and P. Vortisch. 2018. “Implementation of free-floating and station-based carsharing in an agent-based travel demand model.” Travel Behav. Soc. 12: 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2017.02.002.
Hemphill, L., J. Berry, and S. McGreal. 2004. “An indicator-based approach to measuring sustainable urban regeneration performance: Part 1, conceptual foundations and methodological framework.” Urban Stud. 41 (4): 725–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000194089.
Huang, C. Y. 2011. “Rethinking leapfrogging in the end-user telecom market.” Technol. Forecasting Social Change 78 (4): 703–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.10.009.
Hwang, C. L., and K. Yoon. 1981. “Methods for multiple attribute decision making.” In Multiple attribute decision making, 58–191. Berlin: Springer.
IBI Group. 2009. On-street parking carshare demonstration project. San Diego, CA: San Diego Association of Governments. Accessed July 25, 2019. https://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1754_16033.pdf.
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2005. Saving oil in a hurry: Measures for rapid demand restraint in transport. Paris: IEA and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Accessed July 25, 2019. http://www.objectfarm.org/Activities/Publications/SolareWeltwirtschaft/Energiekrise/IEA-Saving_Oil_In_A_Hurry_2005.pdf.
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2017. “CO2 emissions from fuel combustion-overview.” Accessed July 25, 2019. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustion2017Overview.pdf.
ISPAI (Internet Service Providers Association of India). 2017. “Leveraging AADHAAR in the telecom sector.” Accessed July 25, 2019. https://main.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annexure_17_May_2017.pdf.
Jain, D., and G. Tiwari. 2017. “Sustainable mobility indicators for Indian cities: Selection methodology and application.” Ecol. Indic. 79: 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.03.059.
Jana, A., R. Bardhan, S. Sarkar, and V. Kumar. 2016. “Framework to assess and locate affordable and accessible housing for developing nations: Empirical evidences from Mumbai.” Habitat Int. 57: 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.07.005.
Jayant, A., P. Gupta, S. K. Garg, and M. Khan. 2014. “TOPSIS-AHP based approach for selection of reverse logistics service provider: A case study of mobile phone industry.” Procedia Eng. 97 (1): 2147–2156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.458.
Joumard, R., and H. Gudmundsson. 2010. “Indicators of environmental sustainability in transport: An interdisciplinary approach to methods.” INRETS: HAL-00492823. Accessed July 25, 2019. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00492823/document.
Kalbar, P. P., M. Birkved, S. E. Nygaard, and M. Hauschild. 2017. “Weighting and aggregation in life cycle assessment: Do present aggregated single scores provide correct decision support?” J. Ind. Ecol. 21 (6): 1591–1600. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12520.
Kalbar, P. P., and D. Das. 2020. “Advancing life cycle sustainability assessment using multiple criteria decision making.” In Life cycle sustainability assessment for decision-making, edited by J. Ren and S. Toniolo, 205–224. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Kalbar, P. P., S. Karmakar, and S. R. Asolekar. 2012. “Selection of an appropriate wastewater treatment technology: A scenario-based multiple-attribute decision-making approach.” J. Environ. Manage. 113: 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.025.
Kalbar, P. P., S. Karmakar, and S. R. Asolekar. 2013. “The influence of expert opinions on the selection of wastewater treatment alternatives: A group decision-making approach.” J. Environ. Manage. 128: 844–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.034.
Kalbar, P. P., S. Karmakar, and S. R. Asolekar. 2016. “Life cycle-based decision support tool for selection of wastewater treatment alternatives.” J. Cleaner Prod. 117: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.036.
Karahalios, H. 2017. “The application of the AHP-TOPSIS for evaluating ballast water treatment systems by ship operators.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 52: 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.001.
Kazazi Darani, S., A. Akbari Eslami, M. Jabbari, and H. Asefi. 2018. “Parking lot site selection using a fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS framework in Tuyserkan, Iran.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (3): 04018022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000456.
Keetels, L. 2013. “Collaborative consumption: The influence of trust on sustainable peer-to-peer product-service systems.” Master's thesis, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht Univ., 1–-105.
Khan, M., and R. Machemehl. 2017. “The impact of land-use variables on free-floating carsharing vehicle rental choice and parking duration.” In Seeing cities through big data, edited by P. Thakuriah, N. Tilahun, and M. Zellner, 331–347. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Kocaoglu, D. F. 1976. “A systems approach to the resource allocation process in police patrol.” Ph.D. thesis, Operations Research and Systems Management, Univ. of Pittsburgh.
Kopnina, H. 2014. “Christmas tale of (un)sustainability: Reflecting on consumption and environmental awareness on the streets of Amsterdam.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 10: 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.05.004.
Kopp, J., R. Gerike, and K. W. Axhausen. 2015. “Do sharing people behave differently? An empirical evaluation of the distinctive mobility patterns of free-floating car-sharing members.” Transportation 42 (3): 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9606-1.
Kusumawardani, R. P., and M. Agintiara. 2015. “Application of fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method for decision making in human resource manager selection process.” Procedia Comput. Sci. 72: 638–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.173.
Leung, A., M. Burke, and J. Cui. 2018. “The tale of two (very different) cities – Mapping the urban transport oil vulnerability of Brisbane and Hong Kong.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 65: 796–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.10.011.
Le Vine, S., and J. Polak. 2019. “The impact of free-floating carsharing on car ownership: Early-stage findings from London.” Transp. Policy 75: 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.02.004.
Liguang, F., Z. Haozhi, J. Yulin, and W. Zhaorong. 2010. “Evaluation on the effect of car use restriction measures in Beijing.” In Proc., 51st Annual Transportation Research Forum. Arlington, VA: Transportation Research Forum (TRF). https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.207232.
Litman, T. 2009. Sustainable transportation indicator data quality and availability, 1–7. Victoria, BC, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Litman, T. 2016. Well measured: Developing indicators for sustainable and livable transport planning, 1–110. Victoria, BC, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, B., X. Wang, N. Xia, and W. Ni. 2018. “Critical success factors for the management of public participation in urban renewal projects: Perspectives from governments and the public in China.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (3): 04018026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000467.
Liu, H., E. A. Silva, and Q. Wang. 2015. “Model validation and scenario analysis.” In Creative industries and urban spatial structure, 135–178. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16610-0.
Majumdar, B. B., and S. Mitra. 2018. “Development of level of service criteria for evaluation of bicycle suitability.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (2): 04018012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000432.
Marletto, G., and F. Mameli. 2012. “A participative procedure to select indicators of policies for sustainable urban mobility. Outcomes of a national test.” Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 4 (2): 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-012-0075-8.
Martin, E. W., and S. A. Shaheen. 2011. “Greenhouse gas emission impacts of carsharing in North America.” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 12 (4): 1074–1086. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2011.2158539.
Martín-Gamboa, M., D. Iribarren, D. García-Gusano, and J. Dufour. 2017. “A review of life-cycle approaches coupled with data envelopment analysis within multi-criteria decision analysis for sustainability assessment of energy systems.” J. Cleaner Prod. 150: 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.017.
Mattioli, G., and M. Colleoni. 2016. “Transport disadvantage, car dependence and urban form.” In Understanding mobilities for designing contemporary cities, edited by P. Pucci and M. Colleoni, 171–190. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Matzler, K., V. Veider, and W. Kathan. 2015. “Adapting to the sharing economy.” MIT Sloan Manage. Rev. 56 (2): 70–78.
MCGM (Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai). 2016. “Comprehensive mobility plan for greater Mumbai.” Accessed July 25, 2019. http://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Roads%20and%20Traffic/Docs/CMP%20for%20Greater%20Mumbai/Executive%20Summary/Executive%20Summary.pdf.
Mendonça Silva, M., K. W. Hipel, D. Marc Kilgour, and A. P. Cabral Seixas Costa. 2017. “Urban planning in Recife, Brazil: Evidence from a conflict analysis on the new Recife project.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 143 (3): 05017007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000391.
Menon, B. G., and B. Mahanty. 2015. “Assessing the effectiveness of alternative policies in conjunction with energy efficiency improvement policy in India.” Environ. Model. Assess. 20 (6): 609–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-015-9448-4.
Meshram, A., P. Choudhary, and N. R. Velaga. 2017. “Assessing the safety and comfort of women during ridesharing in India.” Proc., 96th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of National Academies. Washington, DC: TRB.
Minett, P., and J. Pearce. 2011. “Estimating the energy consumption impact of casual carpooling.” Energies 4 (1): 126–139. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4010126.
Moghadam, H., and M. Helbich. 2015. “Spatiotemporal variability of urban growth factors: A global and local perspective on the megacity of Mumbai.” Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 35: 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.08.013.
Mohan, D., G. Tiwari, R. Goel, and P. Lahkar. 2017. “Evaluation of odd–even day traffic restriction experiments in Delhi, India.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2627 (1): 9–16. https://doi.org/10.3141/2627-02.
Moser, R., T. Schäfers, and G. Narayanamurthy. 2017. Non-ownership mobility services for low-income consumers in India: An empirical investigation. Sydney: Macquarie Univ.
Motor Vehicle Act. 1988. Accessed July 25, 2019. https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1798/3/A1988-59.pdf.
Mugion, R. G., M. Toni, H. Raharjo, L. Di Pietro, and S. P. Sebathu. 2018. “Does the service quality of urban public transport enhance sustainable mobility?” J. Cleaner Prod. 174: 1566–1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.052.
Namazu, M., and H. Dowlatabadi. 2015. “Characterizing the GHG emission impacts of carsharing: A case of Vancouver.” Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (12): 124017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124017.
Nathan, H. S. K., and B. S. Reddy. 2013. “Urban transport sustainability indicators - application of multi-view black-box (MVBB) framework.” Int. J. Environ. Sustainable Dev. 12 (3): 285–312. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2013.054955.
Neoh, J. G., M. Chipulu, and A. Marshall. 2017. “What encourages people to carpool? An evaluation of factors with meta-analysis.” Transportation 44 (2): 423–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9661-7.
Niero, M., and P. P. Kalbar. 2019. “Coupling material circularity indicators and life cycle based indicators: A proposal to advance the assessment of circular economy strategies at the product level.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 140: 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.002.
Nourinejad, M., and M. J. Roorda. 2015. “Carsharing operations policies: A comparison between one-way and two-way systems.” Transportation 42 (3): 497–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9604-3.
Nzila, C., J. Dewulf, H. Spanjers, D. Tuigong, H. Kiriamiti, and H. Van Langenhove. 2012. “Multi criteria sustainability assessment of biogas production in Kenya.” Appl. Energy 93: 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.020.
Oses, U., E. Rojí, J. Cuadrado, and M. Larrauri. 2018. “Multiple-criteria decision-making tool for local governments to evaluate the global and local sustainability of transportation systems in urban areas: Case study.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (1): 04017019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000406.
Owens, K. E., S. Gulyani, and A. Rizvi. 2018. “Success when we deemed it failure? Revisiting sites and services projects in Mumbai and Chennai 20 years later.” World Dev. 106: 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.021.
Poppelaars, F., C. Bakker, and J. van Engelen. 2018. “Does access trump ownership? Exploring consumer acceptance of access-based consumption in the case of smartphones.” Sustainability 10 (7): 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072133.
Provin, D., P. Angerer, and S. Zimmermann. 2016. Economics of B2C sharing platforms. Atlanta: AISNET organization.
Pucher, J., N. Korattyswaropam, N. Mittal, and N. Ittyerah. 2005. “Urban transport crisis in India.” Transp. Policy 12 (3): 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.02.008.
Qu, M., S. Yu, and M. Yu. 2017. “An improved approach to evaluate car sharing options.” Ecol. Indic. 72: 686–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.018.
Quintavalle, A. 2013. “Über luxury: For billionaires only.” In Global luxury trends, edited by J. Hoffmann and I. Coste-Manière, 51–76. London: Palgrave.
Raparthi, K. 2015. “Assessing smart-growth strategies in Indian cities: Grounded theory approach to planning practice.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 141 (4): 05014031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000267.
Reisi, M., L. Aye, A. Rajabifard, and T. Ngo. 2014. “Transport sustainability index: Melbourne case study.” Ecol. Indic. 43: 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.03.004.
Remane, G., R. C. Nickerson, A. Hanelt, J. F. Tesch, and L. M. Kolbe. 2016. “A taxonomy of carsharing business models.” In Proc., 37th Int. Conf. Information Systems, 1–17. Atlanta, GA: Association for Information Systems (AIS).
Saaty, T. L. 1994. Fundamentals of decision making. Pittsburgh: RWS Publications.
Saaty, T. L. 2008. “Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process.” Int. J. Serv. Sci. 1 (1): 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590.
Santos, A. S., and S. K. Ribeiro. 2013. “The use of sustainability indicators in urban passenger transport during the decision-making process: The case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability 5 (2): 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.04.010.
Schulze, W. S., M. H. Lubatkin, and R. N. Dino. 2003. “Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms.” Acad. Manage. J. 46 (2): 179–194.
Seign, R., and K. Bogenberger. 2015. “Model-based design of free-floating carsharing systems.” In Proc., Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: TRB.
Sghaier, M., H. Zgaya, S. Hammadi, and C. Tahon. 2010. “ORTic: A novel Approach towards Optimized Real Time Car Pooling with an advanced Network Representation Model on siblings.” IFAC Proc. Vol. 43 (8): 367–375. https://doi.org/10.3182/20100712-3-FR-2020.00062.
Shaheen, S. 2004. “Carlink II: A commuter carsharing pilot program final report.” Accessed July 25, 2019 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/63z755sc.pdf.
Shaheen, S., N. Chan, A. Bansal, and A. Cohen. 2015. Definitions, industry developments, and early understanding. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center. Accessed July 25, 2019. http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SharedMobility_WhitePaper_FINAL.pdf.
Shaheen, S. A., and A. P. Cohen. 2013. “Carsharing and personal vehicle services: Worldwide market developments and emerging trends.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 7 (1): 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2012.660103.
Shaheen, S. A., M. A. Mallery, and K. J. Kingsley. 2012. “Personal vehicle sharing services in North America.” Res. Transp. Bus. Manage. 3: 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2012.04.005.
Shih, H. S., H. J. Shyur, and E. S. Lee. 2007. “An extension of TOPSIS for group decision making.” Math. Comput. Modell. 45 (7–8): 801–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2006.03.023.
Shoup, D. 2011. The high cost of free parking. London: Routledge.
Singh, R. K., H. R. Murty, S. K. Gupta, and A. K. Dikshit. 2012. “An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies.” Ecol. Indic. 9 (2): 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.05.011.
Singh, S. 2017. “Car sharing for sustainable tourism.” Tourism Recreation Res. 42 (4): 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1367897.
Smith, E. D., F. Szidarovszky, W. J. Karnavas, and A. T. Bahill. 2008. “Sensitivity analysis, a powerful system validation technique.” Open Cybern. Syst. J. 2 (1): 39-56. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874110X00802010039.
Sohn, J. L., P. P. Kalbar, and M. Birkved. 2017. “Life cycle based dynamic assessment coupled with multiple criteria decision analysis: A case study of determining an optimal building insulation level.” J. Cleaner Prod. 162: 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.058.
Srinivas, T. 2014. “Transportation and its health implications in India.” Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev. 10 (7): 67–73.
Stocker, A., and S. Shaheen. 2018. “Shared automated mobility: Early exploration and potential impacts.” In Road vehicle automation, edited by G. Meyer and S. Beiker, 125–139. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute). 2015. “Environment status report of Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).” Accessed July 25, 2019. https://www.mmreis.org.in/images/research/Environmental%20Status%20Report%20for%20Mumbai%20Metropolitan%20Region-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf.
Tezcan, H. O. 2016. “Potential of carpooling among unfamiliar users: Case of undergraduate students at Istanbul technical university.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 142 (1): 04015006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000283.
Truffer, B. 2003. “User-led innovation processes: The development of professional Car sharing by environmentally concerned citizens.” Innovation 16 (2): 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610304517.
Tyndall, J. 2017. “Where no cars go: Free-floating carshare and inequality of access.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 11 (6): 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2016.1266425.
UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India). 2019. “About UADAI > Unique Identification Authority of India.” Accessed July 25, 2019. http://uidai.gov.in/about-uidai/unique-identification-authority-of-india.html.
UN (United Nations). 2005. “Resolution adopted by the General Assembly.” Sixtieth session agenda items 46 and 120. Accessed July 25, 2019. http://data.unaids.org/topics/universalaccess/worldsummitoutcome_resolution_24oct2005_en.pdf.
Van den Berg, L., M. Larson, A. De Vries, and V. Bons. 2017. “The road to the future of cars: Opportunities and key features for car sharing services.” Master’s thesis, Information Sciences, Radboud Univ., 1–87.
Varghese, V., and A. Jana. 2019. “Multitasking during travel in Mumbai, India: Effect of satiation in heterogeneous urban settings.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 145 (2): 04019002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000504.
Vaskelainen, T. 2014. “Sustainable business models-The case of car sharing.” In Proc., 20th Annual Int. Sustainable Development Research Conf., 615–627. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology; International Sustainable Development Research Society.
Verma, M., M. Manoj, and A. Verma. 2016. “Analysis of the influences of attitudinal factors on car ownership decisions among urban young adults in a developing country like India.” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 42: 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.06.024.
Wang, J. J., Y. Y. Jing, C. F. Zhang, and J. H. Zhao. 2009. “Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 13 (9): 2263–2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.021.
Weikl, S., and K. Bogenberger. 2013. “Relocation strategies and algorithms for free-floating car sharing systems.” IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 5 (4): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2013.2267810.
WPR (World Population Review). 2020. “Mumbai population 2020.” Accessed May 10, 2020. https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mumbai-population/.
Wright, S., C. D. Emele, M. Fukumoto, N. R. Velaga, and J. D. Nelson. 2014. “The design, management and operation of flexible transport systems: Comparison of experience between UK, Japan and India.” Res. Transp. Econ. 48: 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2014.09.060.
Wu, L., S. Liu, D. Liu, Z. Fang, and H. Xu. 2015. “Modelling and forecasting CO2 emissions in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries using a novel multi-variable grey model.” Energy 79: 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.052.
Zakarya, G. Y., B. Mostefa, S. M. Abbes, and G. M. Seghir. 2015. “Factors affecting CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries: A panel data analysis.” Procedia Econ. Finance 26: 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00890-4.
Zegras, C. 2006. “Sustainable transport indicators and assessment methodologies.” In Proc., Biannual Conf. and Exhibit of the Clean Air Initiative for Latin American Cities, 25–27. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Clean Air Initiative Center.
Zhang, Q., K. He, and H. Huo. 2012. “Cleaning China's air.” Nature 484 (7393): 161–162. https://doi.org/10.1038/484161a.
Zhou, J. 2013. “Study of employee carsharing on the university campus.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 139 (4): 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000153.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 147 • Issue 3 • September 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 12, 2019
Accepted: Jan 26, 2021
Published online: May 13, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 13, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Aditya Saxena, Vallary Gupta, Carpooling: Who is closest to adopting it? An investigation into the potential car-poolers among private vehicle users: A case of a developing country, India, Transport Policy, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.03.007, 135, (11-20), (2023).
- Deepjyoti Das, Pradip P. Kalbar, Nagendra R. Velaga, Dynamic stock model based assessment of carpooling in passenger transportation carbon emissions: Will avoided trips and material credits help?, Sustainable Production and Consumption, 10.1016/j.spc.2022.07.007, 33, (372-388), (2022).
- Deepjyoti Das, Pradip P. Kalbar, Nagendra R. Velaga, Role of non-motorized transportation and buses in meeting climate targets of urban regions, Sustainable Cities and Society, 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104116, 86, (104116), (2022).
- Dragan Pamucar, Vladimir Simic, Dragan Lazarević, Momčilo Dobrodolac, Muhammet Deveci, Prioritization of sustainable mobility sharing systems using integrated fuzzy DIBR and fuzzy-rough EDAS model, Sustainable Cities and Society, 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103910, 82, (103910), (2022).
- Deepjyoti Das, Pinky Mandal, Comparative evaluation of commuters’ preferences and expectations for sharing auto-rickshaw, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10.1016/j.cstp.2021.08.006, 9, 4, (1567-1581), (2021).