Lateral Behavior of Masonry-Infilled Wood Frames with Wood Diagonal Bracings of Different Forms
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 8
Abstract
Masonry-infilled wood frame walls are widely used in vernacular buildings all over the world. Based on traditional European wood frame walls, this paper proposes wood bracing as reinforcement for traditional Chinese masonry-infilled wood frame walls to compensate for premature cracking of masonry infill and the resulting performance degradation of the walls. Five wall frames were prepared and loaded cyclically in lateral direction. Wood bracings of different forms and their contribution to the wall performance were studied. The hysteretic curves, stiffness and strength degradation, energy dissipation, and equivalent viscous damping coefficient were determined and discussed for their relationship with the bracing provisions. It was found that the bare frame was flexible and resilient and the masonry-infilled frame was stiff and prone to brittle failures, while the frames reinforced by wood bracing exhibited good load-carrying capacity, deformability, and energy dissipation capacity. The peak load and the ultimate displacement of the frame reinforced by X-bracing were 49% and 85% higher than those of the masonry-infilled frame, and the equivalent viscous damping coefficient was increased by 81% at most. The asymmetric Z-bracing and double crossing bracing led to a slight decrease in the initial stiffness compared to the masonry-infilled frame due to the pull-out of the intermediate mortise-tenon connections.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research work was financially supported by the Committee of Science and Technology of Shanghai Metropolitan (Grant No. 13231201703).
References
Adhikari, R. K., and D. D’Ayala. 2020. “2015 Nepal earthquake: Seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 18 (8): 3863–3896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00834-y.
Aktaş, Y. A., U. Akyüz, A. Türer, B. Erdil, and N. Sahin-Güçhan. 2014. “Seismic resistance evaluation of traditional Ottoman timber-frame hımış houses: Frame loadings and material tests.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (4): 1711–1732. https://doi.org/10.1193/011412EQS011M.
ASTM. 2005. Standard test method for cyclic (reversed) load test for shear resistance of walls for buildings. ASTM E 2126-05. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Brando, G., et al. 2017. “Damage reconnaissance of unreinforced masonry bearing wall buildings after the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake.” Supplement, Earthquake Spectra 33 (S1): 243–273. https://doi.org/10.1193/010817eqs009m.
Ceccotti, A., P. Faccio, M. Nart, C. Sandhaas, and P. Simeone. 2006. “Seismic behaviour of historic timber-frame buildings in the Italian dolomites.” In Proc., 15th Int. Symp. ICOMOS Int. Wood Committee. Paris: International Council on Monuments and Sites.
Chen, J. Y., T. Y. Li, Q. S. Yang, X. W. Shi, and Y. X. Zhao. 2018. “Degradation laws of hysteretic behavior for historical timber buildings based on pseudo-static tests.” Eng. Struct. 156 (Feb): 480–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.054.
China Architecture and Building Press. 2009. Standard for test method of performance on building mortar. JGJ/T70-09. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
China Architecture and Building Press. 2015. Specification for seismic test of buildings. JGJ/T 101-15. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Chun, Q., Z. Yue, and J. W. Pan. 2011. “Experimental study on seismic characteristics of typical mortise-tenon joints of Chinese southern traditional timber frame buildings.” Sci. China Technol. Sci. 54 (9): 2404–2411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4448-3.
Crayssac, E., X. B. Song, Y. J. Wu, and K. Li. 2018. “Lateral performance of mortise-tenon jointed traditional timber frames with wood panel infill.” Eng. Struct. 161 (Apr): 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.022.
Dutu, A., M. Niste, I. Spatarelu, D. I. Dima, and S. Kishiki. 2018. “Seismic evaluation of Romanian traditional buildings with timber frame and mud masonry infills by in-plane static cyclic tests.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.062.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Huang, H., Y. T. Wu, Z. Li, Z. W. Sun, and Z. X. Chen. 2018. “Seismic behavior of Chuan-Dou type timber frames.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.072.
Krawinkler, H., F. Parisi, L. Ibarra, A. Ayoub, and R. A. Medina. 2001. Development of a testing protocol for wood frame structures.. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
Langenbach, R. 2006. “Preventing pancake collapses: Lessons from earthquake-resistant traditional construction for modern buildings of reinforced concrete.” In Proc., Int. Disaster Reduction Conf. Paris: World Heritage Centre UNESCO.
Langenbach, R. 2007. “From ‘Opus Craticium’ to the ‘Chicago Frame’: Earthquake-resistant traditional construction.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 1 (1): 29–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050601125998.
Liu, C. Q., D. J. Fang, and L. J. Zhao. 2021. “Reflection on earthquake damage of buildings in 2015 Nepal earthquake and seismic measures for post-earthquake reconstruction.” Structures 30 (Apr): 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.089.
Lu, W. D., W. Sun, J. J. Gu, D. L. Deng, and W. Q. Liu. 2014. “Experimental study on seismic performance of timber frames strengthened with curved steel dampers.” J. Build. Struct. 35 (11): 151–157.
Meireles, H., R. Bento, S. Cattari, and S. Lagomarsino. 2012. “A hysteretic model for ‘frontal’ walls in Pombalino buildings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 10 (5): 1481–1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9360-0.
Poletti, E., and G. Vasconcelos. 2015. “Seismic behavior of traditional timber frame walls: Experimental results on unreinforced walls.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (3): 885–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9650-9.
Qu, Z., A. Dutu, J. R. Zhong, and J. J. Sun. 2015. “Seismic damage to masonry-infilled timber houses in the 2013 M7.0 Lushan, China, Earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (3): 1859–1874. https://doi.org/10.1193/012914EQS023T.
Song, X. B., K. Li, E. Crayssac, and Y. J. Wu. 2018. “Lateral performance of traditional heavy timber frames with mortise-tenon joints retrofitted using self-tapping screws.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018187. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002191.
Standards Press of China. 2009. Method of testing in compressive strength parallel to grain of wood. GB/T 1935. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Standards Press of China. 2012. Test methods for wall bricks. GB/T2542-12. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Vasconcelos, G., E. Poletti, E. Salavessa, A. M. P. Jesus, P. B. Lourenço, and P. Pilaon. 2013. “In-plane shear behaviour of traditional timber walls.” Eng. Struct. 56 (Nov): 1028–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.017.
Vieux-Champagne, F., G. S. Sieffert, A. Polastri, A. Ceccotti, and L. Daudeville. 2014. “Experimental analysis of seismic resistance of timber-framed structures with stones and earth infill.” Eng. Struct. 69 (Jun): 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.020.
Wu, Y. J., X. B. Song, C. Ventura, and F. Lam. 2020. “Rocking effect on seismic response of a multi-story traditional timber pagoda model.” Eng. Struct. 209 (Apr): 110009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110009.
Xie, Q. F., H. T. Zhao, J. Y. Xue, K. Yao, and Y. Sui. 2008. “An experimental study on the strengthening of mortise-tenon joints in ancient Chinese wooden buildings.” China Civ. Eng. J. 41 (1): 28–34.
Xu, Q. F., Q. Liu, F. W. Zhang, and C. C. Gong. 2015. “Experimental research on seismic performance of mortise-tenon joint wood frame with brick masonry infilled wall.” Build. Struct. 45 (6): 49–53.
Zhou, Q., W. M. Yan, and H. Z. Guan. 2013. “An experimental study on aseismic behaviors of Chinese ancient structure strengthened by different methods.” Chin. Cult. Relics Res. 8 (6): 56–62.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 8 • August 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 21, 2020
Accepted: Mar 2, 2022
Published online: May 19, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Oct 19, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.