Development of an Innovative Boltless Connection for Multistory Modular Buildings
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 7
Abstract
This paper introduces an innovative three-piece boltless connection for assembly of volumetric building units or modules in multistory modular buildings. The proposed connection comprises a vertical connector and an independent horizontal connector. Overall development was targeted for steel and steel-hybrid modules of the corner-supported or selective bearing type, and on satisfying certain structural, constructional, and manufacturing performance requirements. The vertical connector makes use of a standard mechanism to enable fast, simple, safe, and remote operability, whereas the proposed horizontal connector uses a simple transfer plate. Details regarding the design of the connector and the experimental verification of its structural and functional performances are presented in this paper. Structural performance tests were conducted to verify key axial and shear characteristics, whereas functional performance tests were performed to assess the overall functionality after connector fabrication, test specimen fabrication, specific stages of loading, and during remote operation. The results highlight that the proposed connection satisfactorily meets its key expectations and can provide quantum improvements to the current modular construction industry for realizing fully modular buildings.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Cooperative Research Centers Program for Low Carbon Living (CRC-LCL) and associated partners for supporting this research (RP1031), and the Smart Structures Laboratory of Swinburne University of Technology.
References
Albert, A., B. Pandit, and Y. Patil. 2020. “Focus on the fatal-four: Implications for construction hazard recognition.” Saf. Sci. 128 (Aug): 104774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104774.
Artobolevsky, I. I. 1977. “Cam and friction mechanisms flexible-link mechanisms.” In Mechanisms in modern engineering design. Moscow, Russia: Mir Publishers.
ASTM. 1998. High-carbon anti-friction bearing steel. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 1992. Guidelines for cyclic testing of structural steel components. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
Azhar, S., M. Y. Lukkad, and I. Ahmad. 2013. “An investigation of critical factors and constraints for selecting modular construction over conventional stick-built technique.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res. 9 (12): 203–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2012.723115.
Chen, Z., H. Li, A. Chen, Y. Yu, and H. Wang. 2017a. “Research on pretensioned modular frame test and simulations.” Eng. Struct. 151 (3): 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.019.
Chen, Z., J. Liu, and Y. Yu. 2017b. “Experimental study on interior connections in modular steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 147 (6): 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.002.
Chen, Z., Y. Liu, X. Zhong, and J. Liu. 2019. “Rotational stiffness of inter-module connection in mid-rise modular steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 196 (65): 109273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.06.009.
Choi, J. O., X. B. Chen, and T. W. Kim. 2017. “Opportunities and challenges of modular methods in dense urban environment.” Int. J. Constr. Manage. 19 (2): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1382093.
Choi, K.-S., H.-C. Lee, and H.-J. Kim. 2016. “Influence of analytical models on the seismic response of modular structures.” J. Korea Inst. Struct. Maintenance Inspection 20 (2): 74–85. https://doi.org/10.11112/jksmi.2016.20.2.074.
Deng, E.-F., J.-B. Yan, Y. Ding, L. Zong, Z.-X. Li, and X.-M. Dai. 2017. “Analytical and numerical studies on steel columns with novel connections in modular construction.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 17 (5): 1613–1626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-1226-5.
Deng, E.-F., L. Zong, Y. Ding, X.-M. Dai, N. Lou, and Y. Chen. 2018. “Monotonic and cyclic response of bolted connections with welded cover plate for modular steel construction. “Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.028.
Dhanapal, J., H. Ghaednia, S. Das, and J. Velocci. 2019. “Structural performance of state-of-the-art VectorBloc modular connector under axial loads.” Eng. Struct. 183 (Jul): 496–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.023.
Farnsworth, D. 2016. “Modular building unit connection system. “Accessed June 14, 2016. https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US97303684&_cid=P20-L1XIUY-65864-1.
Ferdous, W., Y. Bai, T. D. Ngo, A. Manalo, and P. Mendis. 2019. “New advancements, challenges and opportunities of multi-storey modular buildings—A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Struct. 183 (Mar): 883–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.061.
Gunawardena, T. 2016. “Behaviour of prefabricated modular buildings subjected to lateral loads.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Infrastructure Engineering, Univ. Of Melbourne.
Guo, Y. B., and C. R. Liu. 2002. “Mechanical properties of hardened AISI 52100 steel in hard machining processes.” J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 124 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1413775.
ISO. 1990. Series 1 freight containers—Specification and testing—Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 2013. Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel: Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs with specified property classes—Coarse thread and fine pitch thread. Geneva: ISO.
Jellen, A. C., and A. M. Memari. 2013. “The state-of-the-art application of modular construction to multi-story residential buildings.” In Proc., 1st Residential Building Design and Construction Conf. Bethlehem, PA: Sands Casino Resort.
Kumar, S. 2016. “Hickory building system (HBS) innovation and successful application in a 44 storey building in Melbourne.” In Proc., Australian Structural Engineering Conf. Barton, ACT, Australia: Engineers Australia. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.676561630610839.
Lacey, A. W., W. Chen, H. Hao, and K. Bi. 2018. “Structural response of modular buildings—An overview.” J. Build. Eng. 16 (2): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.008.
Lacey, A. W., W. Chen, H. Hao, and K. Bi. 2019. “New interlocking inter-module connection for modular steel buildings: Experimental and numerical studies.” Eng. Struct. 198 (Nov): 109465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109465.
Lawson, M., R. Ogden, and C. Goodier. 2014. Design in modular construction. London: CRC Press.
Lawson, R. M., P. J. Grubb, J. Prewer, and P. J. Trebilcock. 1999. Modular construction using light steel framing: An architect’s guide. Ascot, Berkshire: Steel Construction Institute.
Lawson, R. M., R. G. Ogden, and R. Bergin. 2012. “Application of modular construction in high-rise buildings.” J. Archit. Eng. 18 (2): 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000057.
Lee, S., J. Park, E. Kwak, S. Shon, C. Kang, and H. Choi. 2017. “Verification of the seismic performance of a rigidly connected modular system depending on the shape and size of the ceiling bracket.” Materials (Basel) 10 (3): 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030263.
Mills, S., D. Grove, and M. Egan. 2015. “Breaking the pre-fabricated ceiling: Challenging the limits for modular high-rise.” In Proc., Ctbuh Conf. Chicago: The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Murtaza, M. B., D. J. Fisher, and M. J. Skibniewski. 1993. “Knowledge-based approach to modular construction decision support.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 119 (1): 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1993)119:1(115).
Pham, L., E. Gad, S. Fernando, and K. Hargroves. 2016. “Performance framework for modular construction.” In Proc., 24th Australian Conf. on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM24). London: CRC Press.
Ramaji, I. J., and A. M. Memari. 2013. “Identification of structural issues in design and construction of multi-story modular buildings.” In Proc., 1st Residential Building Design and Construction Conf. Bethlehem, PA: Sands Casino Resort.
Sanches, R., O. Mercan, and B. Roberts. 2018. “Experimental investigations of vertical post-tensioned connection for modular steel structures.” Eng. Struct. 175 (8): 776–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.049.
Smith, R. E. 2010. “Prefab architecture.” In A guide to modular design and construction. New York: Wiley.
Srisangeerthanan, S. 2021. “Development and assessment of inter-module connection for modular buildings” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne Univ. of Technology.
Srisangeerthanan, S., M. J. Hashemi, P. Rajeev, E. Gad, and S. Fernando. 2018. “Numerical study on the effects of diaphragm stiffness and strength on the seismic response of multi-story modular buildings.” Eng. Struct. 163 (2): 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.048.
Srisangeerthanan, S., M. J. Hashemi, P. Rajeev, E. Gad, and S. Fernando. 2020. “Review of performance requirements for inter-module connections in multi-story modular buildings.” J. Build. Eng. 28 (10): 101087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101087.
Srisangeerthanan, S., M. J. Hashemi, P. Rajeev, E. Gad, and S. Fernando. 2021. “Fully-modular buildings through a proposed inter-module connection.” In CSECM 2019. Lecture notes in civil engineering. Berlin: Springer.
Standards Australia. 1998. Steel structures. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia. 2000. Freight containers: Part 10: Handling and securing. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia. 2007a. Metallic materials—Tensile testing at ambient temperature. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia. 2007b. Wrought alloy steel standard: Hardenability (H) series and hardened and tempered to designated mechanical properties. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia. 2015a. Freight containers: Part 3: Corner fittings. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia. 2015b. Freight containers: Part 4: General purpose containers. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia. 2016. Structural steel: Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand. 2002. AS/NZS 1170.1: Structural design actions: Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions. Wellington, New Zealand: Standards Australia.
Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand. 2016. AS/NZS 1163:2016: Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections. Wellington, New Zealand: Standards Australia.
Styles, A. J., F. J. Luo, Y. Bai, and J. B. Murray-Parkes. 2016. “Effects of joint rotational stiffness on structural responses of multi-story modular buildings.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Smart Infrastructure and Construction (ICSIC). London: Institution of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1680/tfitsi.61279.457.
Tatum, C. B., J. A. Vanegas, and J. M. Williams. 1987. Constructability improvement using prefabrication, preassembly, and modularization. Austin, TX: Construction Industry Institute.
Torre, M. L. D. L., R. Sause, S. Slaughter, and R. H. Hendricks. 1994. Review and analysis of modular construction practices. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh Univ.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 30, 2021
Accepted: Feb 23, 2022
Published online: May 9, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Oct 9, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Sriskanthan Srisangeerthanan, M. Javad Hashemi, Pathmanathan Rajeev, Emad Gad, Saman Fernando, Numerical study on performance assessment of an innovative boltless connection for modular building construction, Thin-Walled Structures, 10.1016/j.tws.2023.110622, 185, (110622), (2023).
- E. Bazarchi, A. Davaran, C.P. Lamarche, N. Roy, S. Parent, Experimental and numerical investigation of a novel vertically unconstrained steel inter-modular connection, Thin-Walled Structures, 10.1016/j.tws.2022.110364, 183, (110364), (2023).