Seismic Fragility Estimates for Cross-Laminated Timber Platform Building
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 12
Abstract
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has been gaining popularity also in seismic regions, because of its low carbon footprint and potential cost-competitiveness with concrete and steel construction. Recent effort has focused on developing standardized design provisions for CLT buildings. In the study presented herein, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was performed on a six-story CLT platform-type building. A nonlinear numerical model was developed in OpenSees considering the CLT shear walls as elastic shell elements and the connections (wall-to-foundation, wall-to-floor, and wall-to-wall) as nonlinear springs. The hysteresis behavior of the connections was modeled using “pinching4” after calibrating its parameters against experimental results, and the load-deformation response of the shear walls was validated against full-scale test results. The building’s seismic performance—terms of interstory drift until collapse—was evaluated using fragility curves constructed from the IDA. The probability of collapse was less than 0.1% at the maximum considered earthquake, and the resulting collapse margin ratio demonstrated that a six-story CLT platform-type building can safely be built in a high seismic zone if appropriately designed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through a Discovery Grant and the government of British Columbia through a BC Leadership Chair.
References
Amini, M. O., J. W. van de Lindt, S. Pei, D. Rammer, P. Line, and M. Popovski. 2014. “Overview of a project to quantify seismic performance factors for cross laminated timber structures in the United States.” In Materials and joints in timber structures, 531–541. Dordrecht: Springer.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2017. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. ASCE 41-17. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ATC (Applied Technical Council). 2009. Quantification of building performance factors. Report No. FEMA-P695. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Basöz, N., A. S. Kiremidjian, S. A King, and K. H. Law. 1999. “Statistical analysis of bridge damage data from the 1994 Northridge, CA, earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra. 15 (1): 25–53.
Bezabeh, M. A., S. Tesfamariam, M. Popovski, K. Goda, S. F. Stiemer. 2017. “Seismic base shear modification factors for timber-steel hybrid structure: Collapse risk assessment approach.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (10): 04017136.
Billah, A. H. M., and M. S. Alam. 2014. “Seismic fragility assessment of highway bridges: A state-of-the-art review.” J. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 11 (6): 804–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.912243.
Brandner, R., G. Flatscher, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer, and A. Thiel. 2016. “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Overview and development.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (3): 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0999-5.
Casagrande, D., G. Doudak, and A. Polastri. 2019. “A proposal for the capacity-design at wall- and building-level in light-frame and cross-laminated timber buildings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (6): 3139–3167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00578-4.
Ceccotti, A., C. Sandhaas, M. Okabe, M. Yasumura, C. Minowa, and N. Kawai. 2013. “SOFIE project—3D shaking table test on a seven-storey full-scale cross-laminated timber building.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (13): 2003–2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2309.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. EN 1998-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2016. Engineering design in wood. Mississauga, ON: CSA.
D’Arenzo, G., G. Rinaldin, M. Fossetti, and M. Fragiacomo. 2019. “An innovative shear-tension angle bracket for cross-laminated timber structures: Experimental tests and numerical modelling.” Eng. Struct. 197 (Oct): 109434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109434.
Deng, P., S. Pei, J. W. van de Lindt, M. O. Amini, and H. Liu. 2019. “Lateral behavior of panelized CLT walls: A pushover analysis based on minimal resistance assumption.” Eng. Struct. 191 (Jul): 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.080.
Ellingwood, B. R., D. V. Rosowsky, Y. Li, and J. H. Kim. 2004. “Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (12): 1921–1930. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1921).
FEMA. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. FEMA P-695. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Gagnon, S., and C. Pirvu. 2012. “Cross laminated timber (CLT) handbook. Vancouver, Canada: FPInnovations.
Gavric, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Cecotti. 2015a. “Cyclic behavior of CLT wall systems: Experimental tests and analytical prediction model.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (11): 04015034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001246.
Gavric, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015b. “Cyclic behaviour of typical metal connectors for cross-laminated (CLT) structures.” Mater. Struct. 48 (6): 1841–1857. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0278-7.
Gavric, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015c. “Cyclic behavior of typical screwed connections for cross-laminated (CLT) structures.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 73 (2): 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-014-0877-6.
Goulet, C. A., C. B. Haselton, J. Mitrani-Reiser, J. L. Beck, G. G. Deierlein, K. A. Porter, and J. P. Stewart. 2007. “Evaluation of the seismic performance of a code-conforming reinforced concrete frame building—From seismic hazard to collapse safety and economic losses.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 36 (13): 1973–1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.694.
Hashemi, A., P. Zarnani, R. Masoudnia, and P. Quenneville. 2017. “Seismic resistant rocking coupled walls with innovative resilient slip friction (RSF) joints.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 129 (Feb): 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.11.016.
Hossain, A., I. Danzig, and T. Tannert. 2016. “Cross-laminated timber shear connection with innovative self-tapping screw assemblies.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11): 04016099. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001572.
Hossain, A., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2018. “Cross-laminated timber connections assembled with a combination of screws in withdrawal and screws in shear.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.052.
Kawai, N., T. Miyake, M. Yasumura, H. Isoda, M. Koshihara, S. Nakajima, Y. Araki, T. Nakagawa, and M. Sato. 2016. “Full scale shake table tests on five story and three story CLT building structures.” In Proc. World Conf. on Timber Engineering (WCTE). Vienna, Austria: World Conference on Timber Engineering.
Kircher, C. A., and J. A. Heintz. 2008. “Overview and key concepts of the ATC-63 methodology.” In Proc. ASCE Structures Congress. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kovacs, M. A., and L. Wiebe. 2019. “Controlled rocking CLT walls for buildings in regions of moderate seismicity: Design procedure and numerical collapse assessment.” J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. 23 (5): 750–770.
Latour, M., and G. Rizzano. 2017. “Seismic behaviour of cross-laminated timber panel buildings equipped with traditional and innovative connectors.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 17 (2): 382–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2016.11.008.
Loss, C., A. Hossain, and T. Tannert. 2018. “Simple cross-laminated timber shear connections with spatially arranged screws.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Oct): 340–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.004.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2006. OpenSees command language manual. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
McKenna, F., G. L. Fenves, B. Jeremic, and M. H. Scott. 2000. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Mitra, N. 2012. “Pinching4 model.” Accessed January 20, 2016. http://OpenSees.berkeley.edu/wiki/index.php/Pinching4_Material.
NBCC (National Building Code of Canada). 2015. Canadian commission on building and fire codes. Ottawa: NBCC.
NDS (National Design Specification). 2015. National design specification for wood construction. Washington, DC: American Wood Council.
Pei, S., C. Lenon, G. Kingsley, and P. Deng. 2017. “Seismic design of cross-laminated timber platform buildings using a coupled shearwall concept.” J. Archit. Eng. 23 (3): 06017001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000257.
Pei, S., J. W. van de Lindt, and M. Popovski. 2013. “Approximate R-factor for cross-laminated timber walls in multistory buildings.” J. Archit. Eng. 19 (4): 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000117.
Polastri, A., I. Giongo, A. Angeli, and R. Brandner. 2018. “Mechanical characterization of a pre-fabricated connection system for cross laminated timber structures in seismic regions.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.12.022.
Popovski, M., and I. Gavric. 2015. “Performance of a 2-story CLT house subjected to lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001315.
Popovski, M., J. Schneider, and M. Schweinsteiger. 2010. “Lateral load resistance of cross laminated wood panels.” In Proc. World Conf. on Timber Engineering (WCTE). Riva del Garda, Italy: World Conference on Timber Engineering.
Pozza, L., A. Saetta, M. Savoia, and D. Talledo. 2018. “Angle bracket connections for CLT structures: Experimental characterization and numerical modelling.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.112.
Rinaldin, G., and M. Fragiacomo. 2016. “Non-linear simulation of shaking-table tests on 3- and 7-storey X-Lam timber buildings.” Eng. Struct. 113 (Apr): 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.055.
Rosowsky, D. V. 2013. “Evolution of probabilistic analysis of timber structures from second-moment reliability methods to fragility analysis.” Struct. Saf. 41 (Mar): 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2012.10.004.
Rosowsky, D. V., and B. R. Ellingwood. 2002. “Performance-based engineering of wood frame housing: Fragility analysis methodology.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (1): 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:1(32).
Sato, M., H. Isoda, Y. Araki, T. Nakagawa, N. Kawai, and T. Miyake. 2019. “A seismic behavior and numerical model of narrow paneled cross-laminated timber building.” Eng. Struct. 179 (Jan): 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.09.054.
Schneider, J., Y. Shen, S. F. Stiemer, and S. Tesfamariam. 2015. “Assessment and comparison of experimental and numerical model studies of cross-laminated timber mechanical connections under cyclic loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 77 (Feb): 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.029.
Schneider, J., T. Tannert, S. Tesfamariam, and S. F. Stiemer. 2018. “Experimental assessment of a novel steel tube connector in cross-laminated timber.” Eng. Struct. 177 (Dec): 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.09.058.
Scotta, R., D. Trutalli, L. Marchi, and L. Pozza. 2018. “On the anchoring of timber walls to foundations: Available strategies to prevent wood deterioration and on-site installation problems.” Procedia Struct. Integrity 11: 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.037.
Shahnewaz, M. 2018. “Performance of cross-laminated timber shear walls for platform construction under lateral loading.” Doctoral dissertation. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Shahnewaz, M., M. S. Alam, and T. Tannert. 2018. “In-plane strength and stiffness of cross-laminated timber shear walls.” Buildings 8 (8): 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080100.
Shahnewaz, M., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2019. “Resistance of cross laminated timber shear walls for platform-type construction.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (12): 04019149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002413.
Shahnewaz, M., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2020. “Deflection of cross-laminated timber shear walls for platform-type construction.” Eng. Struct. 221 (Oct): 111091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111091.
Shahnewaz, M., T. Tannert, M. S. Alam, and M. Popovski. 2017. “In-plane stiffness of cross laminated timber panels with openings.” Struct. Eng. Int. 27 (2): 217–223. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686617X14881932436131.
Shinozuka, M., M. Q. Feng, H. K Kim, and S. H. Kim. 2000. “Nonlinear static procedure for fragility curve development.” ASCE J. Eng. Mech. 126 (1): 1287–1295.
Sullivan, K., T. H. Miller, and R. Gupta. 2018. “Behavior of cross-laminated timber diaphragm connections with self-tapping screws.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 505–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.094.
Sustersic, I., M. Fragiacomo, and B. Dujic. 2015. “Seismic analysis of cross-laminated multistory timber buildings using code-prescribed methods: Influence of panel size, connection ductility, and schematization.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001344.
Tannert, T., M. Follesa, M. Fragiacomo, P. González, H. Isoda, D. Moroder, H. Xiong, and J. van de Lindt. 2018. “Seismic design of cross-laminated timber buildings.” Wood Fiber Sci. 50: 3–26. https://doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2018-037.
Trutalli, D., L. Marchi, R. Scotta, and L. Pozza. 2019. “Capacity design of traditional and innovative ductile connections for earthquake-resistant CLT structures.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (4): 2115–2136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00536-6.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (3): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
Vamvatsikos, D., and M. Fragiadakis. 2010. “Incremental dynamic analysis for estimating seismic performance sensitivity and uncertainty.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynamics 39 (2): 141–163.
van de Lindt, J., J. Furley, O. Amini, S. Pei, G. Tamagnone, A. Barbosa, D. Rammer, P. Line, M. Fragiacomo, and M. Popovski. 2019. “Experimental seismic behavior of a two-story CLT platform building.” Eng. Struct. 183 (Mar): 408–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.079.
Vassallo, D., M. Follesa, and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “Seismic design of a six-storey CLT building in Italy.” Eng. Struct. 175 (Nov): 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.025.
Yamaguchi, N., and F. Yamazaki. 2000 “Fragility curves for buildings in Japan based on damage surveys after the 1995 Kobe earthquake.” In Proc. World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE). Auckland, New Zealand: World Conference on Timber Engineering.
Yasumura, M., K. Kobayashi, M. Okabe, T. Miyake, and K. Matsumoto. 2015. “Full-scale tests and numerical analysis of low-rise CLT structures under lateral loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001348.
Zhang, X., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2018a. “High-capacity hold-down for mass-timber buildings.” Constr. Build. Mater. 164 (Mar): 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.019.
Zhang, X., M. Shahnewaz, and T. Tannert. 2018b. “Seismic reliability analysis of a timber steel hybrid system.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.051.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 12 • December 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 16, 2019
Accepted: Jun 16, 2020
Published online: Sep 17, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Feb 17, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.