Numerical Modeling Strategies for In-Plane Behavior of Straight Sheathed Timber Diaphragms
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 10
Abstract
Two modeling approaches with different levels of refinement were used to numerically investigate the influence of different parameters on the response of straight sheathed timber diaphragms when subjected to in-plane loading. The investigated parameters included diaphragm aspect ratio, scale factor (i.e., diaphragm size), impact of board-to-board contact phenomena, and the effects of board-to-board shear force exchange. The aim of the work presented herein was to use numerical modeling to investigate the aspects that potentially contribute to the difference in experimental behavior reported in literature and that consequently might have influenced provisions encompassed in the most recent standards for the assessment of timber diaphragms. The modeling strategies were validated against a wide range of available experimental data on newly constructed and vintage timber floor specimens. Analysis results confirmed that the in-plane behavior of straight sheathed diaphragms is significantly influenced by parameters that are often neglected by numerical studies and assessment procedures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Gianni Schiro is gratefully thanked for his help and valuable remarks. The 2018 ReLUIS-DPC network (Italian University Network of Seismic Engineering Laboratories and Italian Civil Protection Agency) is gratefully acknowledged for the financial support given to the study.
References
Agbabian, M. S., S. B. Barnes, and J. C. Kariotis. 1981. Methodology for mitigation of seismic hazards in existing unreinforced masonry buildings. Diaphragm testing. El Segundo, CA: National Science Foundation.
Aira, J. R., F. Arriaga, G. Íñiguez-González, and J. Crespo. 2014. “Static and kinetic friction coefficients of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), parallel and perpendicular to grain direction.” Materiales de Construcción 64 (315): e030. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.03913.
ASCE. 2013. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. ASCE 41-13. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Augenti, N., and F. Parisi. 2010. “Learning from construction failures due to the 2009 L’Aquila, Italy, Earthquake.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 24 (6): 536–555. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000122.
Baldessari, C., M. Piazza, and R. Tomasi. 2009. “The refurbishment of timber floors: Characterization of the in-plane behavior.” In Proc., PROHITEC Int. Conf. London: Taylor & Francis.
Brignola, A., S. Pampanin, and S. Podestà. 2012. “Experimental evaluation of the in-plane stiffness of timber diaphragms.” Earthquake Spectra 28 (4): 1687–1709. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000088.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2009. Structural timber—Strength classes. EN 338. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Conrad, M. P. C., G. D. Smith, and G. Fernlund. 2002. “Fracture of solid wood: A review of structure and properties at different length scales.” Wood Fiber Sci. 35 (4): 570–584.
CSI (Computers and Structures Inc.). 2014. CSI analysis reference manual. SAP2000 v17. Berkeley, CA: CSI.
Derakhshan, H., M. C. Griffith, and J. M. Ingham. 2016. “Out-of-plane seismic response of vertically spanning URM walls connected to flexible diaphragms.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (4): 563–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2671.
Dizhur, D., et al. 2011. “Performance of masonry buildings and churches in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 44 (4): 279–296.
Dizhur, D., J. M. Ingham, D. Biggs, and A. Schultz. 2016. “Performance of unreinforced masonry and infilled RC buildings during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence.” In Proc., 16th Int. Brick Block Masonry Conf., IBMAC 2016, 2399–2408. London: Taylor & Francis.
Giongo, I., D. Dizhur, R. Tomasi, and J. M. Ingham. 2015a. “Field testing of flexible timber diaphragms in an existing vintage URM building.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (1): D4014009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001045.
Giongo, I., G. Schiro, R. Tomasi, D. Dizhur, J. M. Ingham. 2015b. “Seismic assessment procedures for flexible timber diaphragms.” In Historical earthquake-resistant timber framing in the Mediterranean area. Lectures Notes in Civil Engineering. edited by M. di Prisco, S.-H. Chen, G. Solari, and I. Vayas. Switzerland: Springer.
Hirao, T., Q. Meng, K. Sawata, A. Koizumi, Y. Sasaki, and T. Uematsu. 2008. “Some aspects of frictional resistance in timber construction.” In Proc., 10th World Conf. on Timber Engineering, WCTE 2008, 140–147. Red Hook, NY: Engineered Wood Products Association.
Ingham, J. M., and C. Griffith. 2016. “Performance of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield (Christchurch, NZ) earthquake.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 11 (3): 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2010.11465067.
Manie, J., and W. P. Kikstra, eds. 2014. DIANA—Finite element analysis. User’s manual release 9.5. Delft, Netherlands: TNO DIANA BV.
Nakamura, Y., H. Derakhshan, G. Magenes, and C. Griffith. 2016. “Influence of diaphragm flexibility on seismic response of unreinforced masonry buildings.” J. Earthquake Eng. 21 (6): 935–960. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1190799.
NZSEE (New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering). 2006. Assessment and improvement of the structural performance of buildings in earthquakes. NZSEE 2006. Wellington, New Zealand: NZSEE.
NZS (Standards New Zealand). 1993. Timber structures standard. NZS 3603:1993. Wellington, New Zealand: NZS.
Penna, A., P. Morandi, M. Rota, C. F. Manzini, F. da Porto, and G. Magenes. 2013. “Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 12 (5): 2255–2273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6.
Peralta, D. F., J. M. Bracci, and M. B. Hueste. 2003. Seismic performance of rehabilitated wood diaphragms. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Univ.
Prajapati, S., O. AlShawa, and L. Sorrentino. 2015. “Out-of-plane behaviour of single-body unreinforced-masonry wall restrained by a flexible diaphragm.” In Proc., COMPDYN 2015—5th ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 3127–3138. Greece: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens.
Raggett, J. D., and C. Rojahn. 1991. “Dynamic amplification of ground motions by low-rise, stiff shear wall buildings.” In Proc., SMIP91 Seminar on Seismological and Engineering Implications of Recent Strong-Motion Data, 16-1–16-11. California: Strong Motion Instrumentation Program Division of Mines and Geology California Department of Conservation.
Schiro, G., I. Giongo, J. M. Ingham, and D. Dizhur. 2018. “Lateral performance of as-built and retrofitted timber diaphragm fastener connections.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (1): 04017257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002110.
Smith, I., and L. R. J. Whale. 1987. “Characteristic properties of nailed and bolted joints under short term lateral load. Part 1: Research philosophy and test program.” J. Wood Sci. 11 (2): 53–59.
Tena-Colunga, A., and D. P. Abrams. 1996. “Seismic behaviour of structures with flexible diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng. 122 (4): 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:4(439).
Whitney, R., and A. K. Agrawal. 2015. “Seismic performance of flexible timber diaphragms: Damping, force-displacement and natural period.” Eng. Struct. 101: 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.07.042.
Wilson, A. 2012. “Seismic assessment of timber floor diaphragms in unreinforced masonry buildings.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Auckland.
Wilson, A., P. J. H. Quenneville, and J. M. Ingham. 2014. “In-plane orthotropic behavior of timber floor diaphragms in unreinforced masonry buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (1): 04013038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000819.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 10 • October 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 21, 2017
Accepted: Mar 26, 2018
Published online: Jul 6, 2018
Published in print: Oct 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Dec 6, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.