In-Plane Behavior of Timber-Steel Hybrid Floor Diaphragms: Experimental Testing and Numerical Simulation
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 12
Abstract
This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies on the in-plane behavior of a novel timber-steel hybrid floor diaphragm. The proposed diaphragm system consists of C-shaped thin-walled steel members that are used as joists and dimension lumber that is placed on top of the joists to form a timber decking. The dimension lumber is further connected to the steel joists by screws. In-plane loading tests were conducted to investigate the failure modes, in-plane load resisting capacity, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of the proposed hybrid diaphragm. In terms of deformation characteristic, results showed that shear deformations contributed up to 90% of the total in-plane deformation of the hybrid diaphragm. The load resisting behavior of the diaphragm showed an obvious nonlinear characteristic with stiffness degradation, and the ductility of the diaphragm was found to be closely related to the failure mode of the screwed connections between the steel joists and the timber decking. A nonlinear finite element model of the hybrid diaphragm was then developed and verified using the test results. A specific feature of the numerical model was the introduction of the user defined element HYST spring to simulate the hysteretic behavior of screwed wood-steel connections. Results showed that the numerical predictions agreed reasonably well with test results in terms of hysteresis loops, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation. The proposed numerical model, which is capable of predicting the nonlinear behavior of the diaphragm, can further serve as a useful tool for the evaluation of the mechanical behavior of the proposed diaphragm under more realistic and complicated loading scenarios. The experimental and numerical results presented in this study represent a basis of knowledge for the further development and application of such a timber-steel hybrid diaphragm.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China for supporting this work with a research grant (Grant No. 51378382).
References
ABAQUS version 6.10 [Computer software]. Hibbit, Karlsson & Sorenson, Pawtucket, RI.
Aguilera, D. (2014). “Development of strength and stiffness design values for steel-clad, wood-framed diaphragms.” Master thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA.
Anderson, G. A. (1987). “Evaluation of light-gauge metal diaphragm behavior and the diaphragms interaction with post frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard test methods for cyclic (reversed) load test for shear resistance of vertical elements of the lateral force resisting systems for buildings.” ASTM E2126, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bender, D. A., and Aguilera, D. (2013). “Development of design data for steel-clad, wood-framed diaphragms.”, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA.
Bohnhoff, D. R. (1992). “Expanding diaphragm analysis for post-frame buildings.” Appl. Eng. Agric., 8(4), 509–517.
Bohnhoff, D. R., Boor, P. A., and Anderson, G. A. (1999). “Thoughts on metal-clad wood-frame diaphragm action and full-scale building test.” ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual Int. Meeting, Toronto.
Bohnhoff, D. R., and Williams, G. D. (1999). “Evaluation of metal-clad wood-frame diaphragm assembly tests.” ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
Boone, G. R., and Manbeck, H. B. (1989). “Analytical modeling of metal-clad, wood-framed diaphragms.” Trans. ASAE, 32(2), 697–705.
Brignola, A., Podestà, S., and Pampanin, S. (2008). “In-plane stiffness of wooden floors.” Proc., New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Conf., New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wairakei, New Zealand.
CABR (China Academy of Building Research). (1996). “Specification of test methods for earthquake resistant building.” CS JGJ 101-96, Beijing (in Chinese).
CMIF (China Machinery Industry Federation). (2006). “Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon head, large hexagon nuts, plain washers for steel structures.”, Beijing (in Chinese).
Dolan, J. D., Carradine, D. M., Bott, J. W., and Easterling, W. S. (2001). “Design methodology of diaphragms.”, CUREE-Caltech Woodframe Project, Pasadena, CA.
Filiatrault, A., Fischer, D., Folz, B., and Uang, C. M. (2002). “Experimental parametric study on the in-plane stiffness of wood diaphragms.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 29(4), 554–566.
Foraboschi, P., and Vanin, A. (2015). “Mechanical behavior of the timber-terrazzo composite floor.” Constr. Build. Mater., 80, 295–314.
Foschi, R. O. (2000a). “Modeling the hysteretic response of mechanical connections for wood structures.” Proc., 6th World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Foschi, R. O. (2000b). “SHYST program—Analysis of an elasto-plastic beam on a nonlinear foundation, with gapping.” Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Fragiacomo, M., and Lukaszewska, E. (2013). “Time-dependent behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors with prefabricated concrete slabs.” Eng. Struct., 52, 687–696.
Fuentes, S., Fournely, E., and Bouchaïr, A. (2014). “Experimental study of the in-plan stiffness of timber floor diaphragms.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 18(10), 1106–1117.
Gu, J., and Lam, F. (2004). “Simplified mechanics-based wood frame shear wall model.” Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
He, M., Li, Z., Lam, F., Ma, R., and Ma, Z. (2014). “Experimental investigation on lateral performance of timber-steel hybrid shear wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014029-1-12.
Keener, J. D., and Manbeck, H. B. (1996). “A simplified model for predicting the behavior of metal-clad, wood-framed diaphragms.” Trans. ASAE, 39(3), 1113–1122.
Li, M., Foschi, R. O., and Lam, F. (2012). “Modeling hysteretic behavior of wood shear walls with a protocol-independent nail connection algorithm.” J. Struct. Eng., 99–108.
Li, M., and Lam, F. (2009). “Lateral performance of nonsymmetric diagonal-braced wood shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 178–186.
Li, M., Lam, F., and Foschi, R. O. (2009). “Seismic reliability analysis of diagonal-braced and structural-panel-sheathed wood shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 587–596.
Li, Z., He, M., Lam, F., Li, M., Ma, R., and Ma, Z. (2014). “Finite element modeling and parametric analysis of timber-steel hybrid structures.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 23(14), 1045–1063.
Lukaszewska, E., Johnsson, H., and Fragiacomo, M. (2008). “Performance of connections for prefabricated timber-concrete composite floors.” Mater. Struct., 41(9), 1533–1550.
Meena, R., Schollmayer, M., and Tannert, T. (2014). “Experimental and numerical investigations of fire resistance of novel timber-concrete-composite decks.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., A4014009-1-8.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). (2003). “Code for design of steel structures.”, Beijing (in Chinese).
Newcombe, M. P., van Beerschoten, W. A., and Carradine, D. (2010). “In-plane experimental testing of timber-concrete composite floor diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng., 1461–1468.
NLGA (National Lumber Grading Authority). (2014). “Standard grading rules for Canadian lumber.” Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Pang, W., and Hassanzadeh Shirazi, S. (2013). “Corotational model for cyclic analysis of light-frame wood shear walls and diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng., 1303–1317.
Skinner, J., et al. (2014). “Concrete upgrade to improve the vibration response of timber floors.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build., 167(9), 559–568.
Wescott, J. (2005). “Horizontal stiffness of wood diaphragms (master thesis of Science in Civil Engineering).” Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA.
Wilson, A., Quenneville, P., and Ingham, J. (2011). “Experimental testing of full-scale timber floor diaphragms in unreinforced masonry buildings.” Proc., 9th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering: Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Yeoh, E. C., Fragiacomo, M., Buchanan, A., Crews, K., Haskell, J., and Deam, B. (2008). “Development of semi-prefabricated timber concrete composite floors in Australasia.” Proc., 10th World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Engineered Wood Products Association (EWPA), Red Hook, NY.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 6, 2015
Accepted: May 2, 2016
Published online: Jul 1, 2016
Published in print: Dec 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Dec 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.