Quantifying Changes in Structural Design Needed to Account for Aftershock Hazard
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 11
Abstract
Aftershocks have the potential to cause severe damage to buildings and threaten life following a major earthquake. However, their effect on seismic hazards is not explicitly accounted for in modern building design codes, nor in emerging methodologies such as performance-based seismic design. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology that can quantify the changes that would be needed in the structural design of a building to account for aftershock (AS) hazards and illustrate it using a basic nonlinear model of a building. In other words, what changes to a structural design would be needed such that the building has the same collapse probability for the combined mainshock and aftershock (MS + AS) hazard as the collapse probability for the original building, subjected to the mainshock (MS) only? The total collapse probability is computed using a combination of seismic fragility results convolved with the two types of hazard curves, namely, a typical hazard curve and an AS hazard curve. An illustrative example is presented for a two-story woodframe building and the change in structural design needed for this scenario is found to be an approximately 10% increase in both stiffness and strength for the first and second stories. Although this is illustrated on only one building, it demonstrates that further work related to consideration of AS hazards may be justified.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this study was provided through National Science Foundation grant CMMI-1100423 through a subcontract from Michigan Technological University to Colorado State University. The opinions contained in this paper represent the opinions of the authors and not necessarily NSF. That support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Abdelnaby, A. E. (2012). “Multiple earthquake effects on degrading reinforced concrete structures.” Doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
Al-Hajjar, J., and Blanpain, O. (1997). “Semi-Marcovian approach for modeling seismic aftershocks.” Eng. Struct., 19(12), 969–976.
Christophersen, A., Gerstenberger, M., Rhoades, D., and Stirling, M. (2011). “Quantifying the effect of declustering on probabilistic seismic hazard.” 9th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE), Wellington, New Zealand.
Christophersen, A., Rhoades, D., and Hainzl, S. (2013). “Sensitivity study of aftershock occurrence for a Wellington Fault earthquake.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Technical Conf., Wellington, New Zealand.
Christophersen, A., and Smith, E. (2000). “A global model for aftershock behavior.” 12th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Christovasilis, I., Filliatrault, A., and Wanitkorkul, A. (2010). “NW-01: Seismic testing of a full-scale two-story light-frame wood building: NEESWood benchmark test.” 〈http://nees.org/resources/551〉.
FEMA. (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Washington, DC.
Filiatrault, A., Christovasilis, I. P., Wanitkorkul, A., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2010). “Experimental seismic response of a full-scale light-frame wood building.” J. Struct. Eng., 246–254.
Folz, B., and Filliatrault, A. (2001). “Cyclic analysis of wood shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 433–441.
Gerstenberger, M. C., Wiemer, S., Jones, L. M., and Reasenberg, P. A. (2005). “Real-time forecasts of tomorrow’s earthquakes in California.” Nature, 435(7040), 328–331,.
Haselton, C., Baker, J., Liel, A., and Dierlin, G. (2011). “Accounting for ground motion spectral shape characteristics in structural collapse assessment through an adjustment for epsilon.” J. Struct. Eng., 332–344.
Li, Q., and Ellingwood, B. (2007). “Performance evaluation and damage assessment of steel frame buildings under mainshock-aftershock sequences.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 36(3), 405–427.
Li, Y., Song, R., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2014). “Collapse fragility of steel structures subjected to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014095.
Li, Y., Yin, Y., Ellingwood, B. R., and Bulleit, W. M. (2010). “Uniform hazard versus uniform risk bases for performance-based earthquake engineering of light-frame wood construction.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(11), 1199–1217.
Luco, N., Bazzurro, P., and Cornell, C. A. (2004). “Dynamic versus static computation of the residual capacity of a mainshock-damaged building to withstand an aftershock.” 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Luco, N., Ellingwood, B. R., Hamburger, R. O., Hooper, J. D., Kimball, J. K., and Kircher, C. A. (2007) “Risk-targeted versus current seismic design maps for the conterminous United States.” Structural Engineering Association of California 76th Annual Convention, Structural Engineering Association of California (SEA).
Nakashima, M., and Chusilp, P. (2003). “A partial view of Japanese post-Kobe seismic design and construction practices.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Seismol., 4(1), 3–13.
Pang, W., Rosowsky, D. V., Pei, S., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2010). “Simplified direct displacement design of a six-story woodframe building and pre-test performance assessment.” J. Struct. Eng., 813–825.
Reasenberg, P., et al. (1987). “New evidence on the state of stress of the San Andreas fault system.” Science, 238(4830), 1105–1111.
Reasenberg, P. A., and Jones, L. M. (1989). “Earthquake hazard after a mainshock in California.” Science, 243(4895), 1173–1176.
Reasenberg, P. A., and Jones, L. M. (1994). “Earthquake aftershocks: Update.” Science, 265(5176), 1251–1252.
Ryu, H., Luco, N., Uma, S. R., and Liel, A. B. (2011). “Developing fragilities for mainshock-damaged structures through incremental dynamic analysis.” Proc., 9th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Smith, E., and Christophersen, A. (2005). “A time of recurrence model for large earthquakes.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Technical Conf., Vol. 31–40, Wellington, New Zealand.
Tsai, Y., and Huang, M. (2000). “Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake of September 21, 1999.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Seismol., 2(1), 1–21.
USGS (United States Geological Survey). (2013). “Java ground motion parameter calculator.” 〈http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/designmaps/grdmotiondoc.php〉 (Dec. 12, 2013).
van de Lindt, J. W. (2008). “Experimental investigation of the effect of multiple earthquakes on Woodframe structural integrity.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 111–117.
van de Lindt, J. W., and Pei, S. (2010). “SAPWood.” 〈https://nees.org/resources/sapwood〉 (Mar. 8, 2014).
van de Lindt, J. W., Pei, S., Liu, H., and Filiatrault, A. (2010). “Three-dimensional seismic response of a full-scale light-frame wood building: Numerical study.” J. Struct. Eng., 56–65.
van de Lindt, J. W., Pei, S., Pang, W., and Shirazi, S. (2012). “Collapse testing and analysis of a light-frame wood garage wall.” J. Struct. Eng., 492–501.
Yeo, G., and Cornell, C. (2005). “Stochastic characterization and decision bases under time- dependent aftershock risk in performance-based earthquake engineering.”, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkley, CA.
Yin, Y. J., and Li, Y. (2011). “Loss estimation of light-frame wood construction subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 504–513.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 8, 2014
Accepted: Jan 7, 2015
Published online: Mar 4, 2015
Discussion open until: Aug 4, 2015
Published in print: Nov 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.