Analysis of the Nonlinear Behavior of Timber-Concrete Connections
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 9
Abstract
This paper discusses the nonlinear mechanical behavior of timber-concrete structures, mainly when dowel-type fasteners are used in the connections. These nonlinear phenomena result from the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the materials and connections. This paper deals with the connection aspect of the nonlinearity and goes on to present and discuss the causes of such phenomena as well as the approaches available to address them. Since these analyses require an adequate definition of the load-slip behavior of the connection, a numerical model is proposed to derive it, based on either results from experimental tests or numerical models. A calculation example is used to assess the influence of the nonlinear phenomena on the design of this type of structure. From the analysis undertaken, it is concluded that the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the connections may have a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of the composite structures. Moreover, the model proposed to describe the load-slip behavior of the connection is shown to be accurate and effective.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Science and Innovation Operational Program cofinanced by the European Union Fund FEDER, for the support provided through the Research Project No. PTDC/ECM/099833/2008.
References
Ahmadi, B. H., and Saka, M. P. (1993). “Behavior of composite timber-concrete floors.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(11), 3111–3130.
Balogh, J., Fragiacomo, M., Gutkowski, R. M., and Fast, R. S. (2008). “Influence of repeated and sustained loading on the performance of layered wood-concrete composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(3), 430–439.
Blass, H. J. (1994). “Variation of load-slip behavior in nailed joints—Variation parallel to the grain.” For. Prod. J., 44(1), 15–20.
Blass, H. J., van der Linden, M. L. R, and Schlager, M. (1995). Trag- und Verformungsverhalten von Holz-Beton-Verbundkonstruktionen. IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
Ceccotti, A. (2002). “Composite timber-concrete structures.” Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 4(3), 264–275.
Ceccotti, A., Fragiacomo, M., and Giordano, S. (2007). “Long-term and collapse tests on a timber-concrete composite beam with glued-in connection.” Mater. Struct., 40(1), 15–25.
Computers and Structures, Inc. (2004). SAP2000—Basic analysis reference manual. Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, CA.
Deam, B. L., Fragiacomo, M., and Buchanan, A. H. (2008). “Connections for composite concrete slab and LVL flooring systems.” Mater. Struct., 41(3), 495–507.
Dias, A. M. P. G. (2005). “Mechanical behaviour of timber-concrete joints.” Ph.D. thesis, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Dias, A. M. P. G. (2010). “Non linear modelling of timber-concrete composite structures.” Proc., 11th Conf. on Timber Engineering—WCTE 2010, Riva del Garda, Trentino, Italy.
Dias, A. M. P. G., Cruz, H. M. P., Lopes, S. M. R., and van de Kuilen, J. W. G. (2004). “Experimental shear-friction tests on dowel type fasteners timber-concrete joints.” Proc., 8th Conf. on Timber Engineering—WCTE 2004, Lathi, Finland.
Dias, A. M. P. G., Cruz, H. M. P., Lopes, S. M. R., and van de Kuilen, J. W. (2010). “Stiffness of dowel-type fasteners in timber-concrete joints.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build., 163(4), 257–266.
Dias, A. M. P. G., and Jorge, L. F. C. (2011). “The effect of ductile connectors on the behaviour of timber-concrete composite beams.” Eng. Struct., 33(11), 3033–3042.
Dias, A. M. P. G., Lopes, S. M. R., Van de Kuilen, J. W. G., and Cruz, H. M. P. (2007). “Load-carrying capacity of timber-concrete joints with dowel-type fasteners.” J. Struct. Eng., 133(5), 720–727.
Ehlbeck, J., and Larsen, H. J. (1993). “Eurocode 5—Design of timber structures: Joints.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Wood Connectors, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, 9–23.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (1991). “Timber structures—Joints made with mechanical fasteners—General principles for the determination of strength and deformation characteristics.” BS EN 26891:1991, ISO 68891:1983, London.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2003). “Design of timber structures—Part 1-1: General—Common rules and rules for buildings.” Eurocode 2, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2004). “Design of timber structures—Part 1-1: General—Common rules and rules for buildings.” Eurocode 5, Brussels, Belgium.
Fernandez-Cabo, J. L., Fernandez-Lavandera, J., and Avila-Jalvo, J. M. (2008). “Wood-concrete and wood-wood mixed beams: Rational basis for selecting connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(3), 440–447.
Foschi, R. O. (1974). “Load-slip characteristics of nails.” Wood Sci., 7(1), 69–76.
Fragiacomo, M., Amadio, C., and Macorini, L. (2007). “Short- and long-term performance of the Tecnaria stud connector for timber-concrete composite beams.” Mater. Struct., 40(10), 1013–1026.
Gelfi, P., Giuriani, E., and Marini, A. (2002). “Stud shear connection design for composite concrete slab and wood beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(12), 1544–1550.
Girhammar, U. A., and Gopu, V. K. A. (1991). “Analysis of P-Delta effect in composite concrete timber beam columns.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Part 2: Res. Theory, 91, 39–54.
Heine, C. P., and Dolan, J. D. (2001). “A new model to predict the load-slip relationship of bolted connections in timber.” Wood Fiber Sci., 33(4), 534–549.
Jaspart, J. P., and Maquoi, R. (1994). “Prediction of the semi-rigid and partial-strength properties of structural joints.” 1994 Annual Technical Session Proceedings, Structural Stability Research Council, Rolla, MO.
Johansen, K. W. (1949). “Theory of timber connections.” Int. Assoc. Bridge Struct. Eng., 9, 249–262.
Jorge, L. F. C., Lopes, S. M. R., and Cruz, H. M. P. (2011). “Interlayer influence on timber-LWAC composite structures with screw connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 137(5), 618–624.
Lukaszewska, E., Fragiacomo, M., and Johnsson, H. (2010). “Laboratory tests and numerical analyses of prefabricated timber-concrete composite floors.” J. Struct. Eng., 136(1), 46–55.
Lukaszewska, E., Johnsson, H., and Fragiacomo, M. (2008). “Performance of connections for prefabricated timber-concrete composite floors.” Mater. Struct., 41(9), 1533–1550.
Möhler, K. (1956). “Über das Tragverhalten von Biegeträgen und Druckstäben mit zusammengesetztem Querschnitt und nachgiebigen Verbindungsmitteln.” Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, Germany.
Natterer, J., and Hoeft, M. (1987). Zum Tragverhalten von Holz-Beton Verbundkonstruktionen, EPFL/IBOIS, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Newmark, N. M., Siess, C. P., and Viest, I. M. (1951). “Test and analysis of composite beams with incomplete interaction.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Anal., 9(1), 75–92.
Steinberg, E., Selle, R., and Faust, T. (2003). “Connectors for timber-lightweight concrete composite structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(11), 1538–1545.
van der Linden, M. (1999). “Timber concrete composite floors.” Ph.D. thesis, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Werner, H. (1992). “Holz-Beton-Verbunddecke mit einer neuartigen Fugenausbildung.” Bauen mit Holz, 4.
Wilkinson, T. L. (1972). “Analysis of nailed joints with dissimilar members.” J. Struct. Div., 98(9), 2005–2013.
Yeoh, D., Fragiacomo, M., Franceschi, M. D., and Buchanan, A. H. (2011). “Experimental tests of notched and plate connectors for LVL-concrete composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 137(2), 261–269.
Zakaria, M. L., and Ghazali, M. Z. (1989). “Finite element analysis of timber concrete composite T-beams.” Proc., Second Pacific Timber Engineering Conf., Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, G. B. Walford, ed., Vol. 2, 171–175.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 138 • Issue 9 • September 2012
Pages: 1128 - 1137
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 26, 2011
Accepted: Oct 14, 2011
Published online: Oct 18, 2011
Published in print: Sep 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.