Semianalytical Solution for Buried Pipeline Subjected to Horizontal Transverse Ground Deformation
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 12, Issue 4
Abstract
For buried pipelines, it is not always possible to avoid active zones where there is a possibility of ground deformation either due to earthquake or topographical reasons, and hence it is necessary to understand the impact of ground deformation on buried pipelines. The present study derives a semianalytical solution for the case of a buried pipeline subjected to spatially distributed horizontal transverse ground deformation (HTGD). Governing differential equations are developed considering the pipe as a Timoshenko beam and surrounding soil as a two-parameter foundation. Firstly, the proposed semianalytical solution is validated with prior studies on the influence of HTGD on buried pipelines, and then a comprehensive parametric variation with various influential parameters such as peak ground deformation, pipe diameter, wall thickness of pipe, burial depth, backfill soil, width of HTGD zone, and type of HTGD pattern is studied to understand the effect on the behavior of buried pipelines. It is observed that the pipe stability increases with increasing the width of the HTGD zone and with decreasing peak ground deformation. Pipe responses significantly vary with the pattern of HTGD. Further, pipe failure against HTGD can be reduced by reducing pipe diameter or by increasing the pipe wall thickness and by providing loose backfill material. The present methodology will help to evaluate the displacement patterns of pipes and the qualitative behavior of an overall soil–pipe system subjected to spatially distributed HTGD without performing numerical analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (MATLAB code).
References
ALA (American Lifelines Alliance). 2001. Guidelines for the design of buried steel pipe. Washington, DC: ALA.
Almahakeri, M., I. D. Moore, and A. Fam. 2016. “Numerical study of longitudinal bending in buried GFRP pipes subjected to lateral earth movements.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 8 (1): 04016012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000237.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Design of structures for earthquake resistance—Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chaudhuri, C. H., and D. Choudhury. 2020a. “Effect of earthquake induced transverse permanent ground deformation on buried continuous pipeline using Winkler approach.” Geo-Congress 2020: Geotechnical earthquake engineering and special topics, Geotechnical special publication GSP 318, 274–283. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Chaudhuri, C. H., and D. Choudhury. 2020b. “Buried pipeline subjected to seismic landslide: A simplified analytical solution.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 134 (Jan): 106155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106155.
Cowper, G. R. 1966. “The shear coefficient in Timoshenko’s beam theory.” J. Appl. Mech. 33 (2): 335. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3625046.
Dadfar, B., M. H. El Naggar, and M. Nastev. 2015. “Ovalization of steel energy pipelines buried in saturated sands during ground deformations.” Comput. Geotech. 69 (May): 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.05.004.
Joshi, S., A. Prashant, A. Deb, and S. K. Jain. 2011. “Analysis of buried pipelines subjected to reverse fault motion.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (7): 930–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.02.003.
Karamitros, D. K., G. D. Bouckovalas, G. P. Kouretzis, and V. Gkesouli. 2011. “An analytical method for strength verification of buried steel pipelines at normal fault crossings.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (11): 1452–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.05.012.
Lim, Y. M., M. K. Kim, T. W. Kim, and J. W. Jang. 2001. “The behavior analysis of buried pipeline: Considering longitudinal permanent ground deformation.” In Proc., Pipelines 2001: Advances in pipeline engineering and construction. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/40574(2001)3.
Ling, H. I., Y. Mohri, T. Kawabata, H. Liu, C. Burke, and L. Sun. 2003. “Centrifugal modeling of seismic behavior of large-diameter pipe in liquefiable soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (12): 1092–1101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1092).
Liu, X., and M. J. O’Rourke. 1997. “Behaviour of continuous pipeline subject to transverse PGD.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 26 (10): 989–1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199710)26:10%3C989::AID-EQE688%3E3.0.CO;2-P.
Luo, X., J. Ma, J. Zheng, and J. Shi. 2014. “Finite element analysis of buried polyethylene pipe subjected to seismic landslide.” J. Press. Vessel Technol. 136 (3): 031801. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026148.
Miyajima, M., and M. Kitaura. 1989. “Effects of liquefaction-induced ground movement on pipeline.” In Proc., 2nd US-Japan Workshop on Liquefaction, Large Ground Deformation and Their Effects on Lifelines, 386–400. Taipei, Taiwan: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Miyajima, M., M. Kitaura, and Y. Nomura. 1989. “Study on response of buried pipelines subjected to liquefaction-induced permanent ground displacement.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 1989 (404): 163–172. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1989.404_163.
O’Rourke, M. J. 1989. “Approximate analysis procedures for permanent ground deformation effects on buried pipelines.” In Proc., 2nd US-Japan Workshop on Liquefaction, Large Ground Deformation and Their Effects on Lifeline Facilities. New York: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
O’Rourke, M. J., and X. Liu. 1999. Response of buried pipelines subject to earthquake effects. New York: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
O’Rourke, M. J., X. Liu, and R. Flores-Berrones. 1995. “Steel pipe wrinkling due to longitudinal permanent ground deformation.” J. Transp. Eng. 121 (5): 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1995)121:5(443).
O’Rourke, M. J., and C. Nordberg. 1992. Longitudinal permanent ground deformation effects on buried continuous pipelines. Taipei, Taiwan: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
O’Rourke, T. D., and P. A. Lane. 1989. Liquefaction hazards and their effects on buried pipelines. Taipei, Taiwan: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
O’Rourke, T. D., and M. J. O’Rourke. 1995. “Pipeline response to permanent ground deformation: A benchmark case.” In Proc., 4th US Conf. on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, 288–295. Reston, VA: ASCE.
O’Rourke, T. D., and M. S. Tawfik. 1986. Analysis of pipelines under large ground deformations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.
Rajani, B. B., P. K. Robertson, and N. R. Morgenstern. 1995. “Simplified design methods for pipelines subject to transverse and longitudinal soil movements.” Can. Geotech. J. 32 (2): 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1139/t95-032.
Roy, K., B. Hawlader, S. Kenny, and I. Moore. 2018. “Upward pipe–soil interaction for shallowly buried pipelines in dense sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (11): 04018078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001957.
Sarvanis, G. C., and S. A. Karamanos. 2017. “Analytical model for the strain analysis of continuous buried pipelines in geohazard areas.” Eng. Struct. 152 (2): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.060.
Sarvanis, G. C., S. A. Karamanos, P. Vazouras, E. Mecozzi, A. Lucci, and P. Dakoulas. 2017. “Permanent earthquake-induced actions in buried pipelines: Numerical modeling and experimental verification.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (4): 966–987. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3001.
Shirima, L. M., and M. W. Giger. 1992. “Timoshenko beam element resting on two-parameter elastic foundation.” J. Eng. Mech. 118 (2): 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1992)118:2(280).
Timoshenko, S. P. 1921. “On the correction for shear of the differential equation for transverse vibration of prismatic bars.” Philos. Mag. 41 (78): 744. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442108636264.
Trifonov, O. V., and V. P. Cherniy. 2010. “A semi-analytical approach to a nonlinear stress–strain analysis of buried steel pipelines crossing active faults.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (11): 1298–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.002.
Wham, B. P., and C. A. Davis. 2019. “Buried continuous and segmented pipelines subjected to longitudinal permanent ground deformation.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 10 (4): 04019036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000400.
Winkler, E. 1867. Die Lehre von Elastizitat und Festigket (On elasticity and fixity), 182. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Dominicus.
Yiğit, A., M. A. Lav, and A. Gedikli. 2017. “Vulnerability of natural gas pipelines under earthquake effects.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 9 (1): 04017036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000295.
Yuan, F., L. Wang, Z. Guo, and R. Shi. 2012. “A refined analytical model for landslide or debris flow impact on pipelines. Part I: Surface pipelines.” Appl. Ocean Res. 35 (Aug): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2011.12.001.
Zhaohua, F., and R. D. Cook. 1983. “Beam elements on two-parameter elastic foundations.” J. Eng. Mech. 109 (6): 1390–1402. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1983)109:6(1390).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 12 • Issue 4 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 27, 2019
Accepted: Nov 16, 2020
Published online: Jul 2, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Dec 2, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Reza Darvishi, Yaser Jafarian, Ali Lashgari, Faradjollah Askari, Seismic Interactive Deformations of Pipeline Buried in Sandy Slopes Using Numerical Modeling with a Systematic Calibration Procedure, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 10.1061/JPSEA2.PSENG-1567, 15, 3, (2024).
- Guoqiang Xia, Kexi Liao, Tengjiao He, Guoxi He, Dechen Liao, Numerical Analyses of the Stress and Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Small-Diameter Gas Pipelines under Multiple-Wheel Heavy Vehicle, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 10.1061/JPSEA2.PSENG-1428, 14, 4, (2023).
- Longyong Tong, Hang Zhou, Hanlong Liu, Xuanming Ding, Failure Envelope of an Underground Rectangular Pipe Gallery in Clay under Pipe–Soil Interactions, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002631, 23, 1, (2023).
- Debarghya Chakraborty, Probabilistic Uplift Resistance of Pipe Buried in Spatially Random Cohesionless Soil, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 10.1007/s40010-022-00808-6, (2023).
- Chaidul Haque Chaudhuri, Deepankar Choudhury, Buried pipeline subjected to static pipe bursting underneath: a closed-form analytical solution, Géotechnique, 10.1680/jgeot.20.p.167, 72, 11, (974-983), (2022).
- Chaidul Haque Chaudhuri, Deepankar Choudhury, Buried Pipeline Subjected to Underground Blast Load: Closed-Form Analytical Solution, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002460, 22, 9, (2022).
- Hao-Jie Li, Hong-Hu Zhu, Chun-Xin Zhang, Wei Zhang, Modelling and analysing failure modes of buried pipelines perpendicularly crossing landslide boundaries, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107447, 162, (107447), (2022).
- Deepankar Choudhury, Chaidul H. Chaudhuri, Buried Pipeline Subjected to Ground Deformation and Seismic Landslide: A State-of-the-Art Review, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Performance Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Beijing 2022), 10.1007/978-3-031-11898-2_20, (363-375), (2022).