Failure Envelope of an Underground Rectangular Pipe Gallery in Clay under Pipe–Soil Interactions
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 1
Abstract
Urban underground comprehensive pipe galleries (referred to as UCPGs) often have large rectangular cross sections and are now widely used as underground tunnel spaces for accommodating various engineering pipelines used for power, signal communication, gas, oil, heating, water supply, and drainage channels in China. The force–displacement relation for a pipe–soil interaction is very important since it can be used to evaluate the pipe behavior under various conditions. Conventional theoretical analysis methods are usually proposed for circular cross-sectional pipes, while few methods have been presented for UCPGs with large rectangular cross sections. This paper studies the two-dimensional rectangular pipe–soil interaction problem. The limit resistances of underground rectangular pipe galleries (URPGs) in undrained clay under purely horizontal and vertical loads are first investigated through two-dimensional finite-element limit analysis (FELA). Subsequently, the failure envelope of the URPGs under relative pipe–soil movement along various directions is investigated. Parametric analyses are carried out to derive the empirical equations of the limit resistance and failure envelope of the URPGs. The proposed empirical equations are verified by comparing the theoretical predictions with the FELA results and other researchers’ studies, and they provide a basis for constructing the p–y relation of the pipe–soil interaction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Numbers 51978105 and 52027812; the Chongqing Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars, Grant/Award Number cstc2021jcyj-jqX0017; and the Chongqing Youth Top Talent Plan, Grant/Award Number cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0132.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- a and b
- width and height of the cross section of the rectangular pipe gallery, respectively;
- E
- elastic modulus of the soil;
- Fx and Fy
- limit resistances of the URPG under purely horizontal and vertical loads in uniform clay, respectively;
- Fxρ and Fyρ
- limit resistances of the URPG under purely horizontal and vertical loads in nonuniform clay, respectively;
- h
- buried depth of the pipe gallery;
- m and n
- parameters;
- p and q
- horizontal and vertical component forces of the limit resistance of the URPG under oblique loads in clay, respectively;
- pu0 and qu0
- limit resistances of the URPG under purely horizontal and vertical loads in clay, respectively;
- su0
- USS of the soil at the ground surface;
- su
- USS of the soil;
- sui
- USS of the pipe–soil contact surface;
- α
- cohesion factor of the PS contact surface; and
- ρ
- gradient of the USS along the soil depth.
References
Abdoun, T. H., D. Ha, M. J. O’Rourke, M. D. Symans, T. D. O’Rourke, M. C. Palmer, and H. E. Stewart. 2009. “Factors influencing the behavior of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake faulting.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 29 (3): 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.04.006.
Aubeny, C. P., H. Shi, and J. D. Murff. 2005. “Collapse loads for a cylinder embedded in trench in cohesive soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 5 (4): 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2005)5:4(320).
Bennett, R. M., S. M. Wood, E. C. Drumm, and N. R. Rainwater. 2005. “Vertical loads on concrete box culverts under high embankments.” J. Bridge Eng. 10 (6): 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:6(643).
Bian, X., X. Tang, W. Shen, D. Ling, and Y. Chen. 2012. “An experimental study on a culvert buried in granular soil subjected to vehicle loads.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 15 (6): 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.6.1031.
Bienen, B., B. W. Byrne, G. T. Houlsby, and M. J. Cassidy. 2006. “Investigating six-degree-of-freedom loading of shallow foundations on sand.” Géotechnique 56 (6): 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.6.367.
Butterfield, R., and G. Gottardi. 1994. “A complete three-dimensional failure envelope for shallow footings on sand.” Géotechnique 44 (1): 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1994.44.1.181.
Cassidy, M. J., B. W. Byrne, and G. T. Houlsby. 2002. “Modelling the behaviour of circular footings under combined loading on loose carbonate sand.” Géotechnique 52 (10): 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.10.705.
Chaudhuri, C. H., and D. Choudhury. 2020. “Buried pipeline subjected to seismic landslide: A simplified analytical solution.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 134: 106155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106155.
Chaudhuri, C. H., and D. Choudhury. 2021a. “Buried pipeline subjected to static pipe bursting underneath: A closed-form analytical solution.” Géotechnique 0 (0): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.p.167.
Chaudhuri, C. H., and D. Choudhury. 2021b. “Semianalytical solution for buried pipeline subjected to horizontal transverse ground deformation.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 12 (4): 04021038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000541.
Chen, W. F., and D. J. Han. 2007. Plasticity for structural engineers. New York: Springer.
Cheuk, C. Y., D. J. White, and H. Dingle. 2008. “Upper bound plasticity analysis of a partially-embedded pipe under combined vertical and horizontal loading.” Soils Found. 48 (1): 133–140. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.48.133.
Curiel-Esparza, J., and J. Canto-Perello. 2005. “Indoor atmosphere hazard identification in person entry urban utility tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 20 (5): 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.02.003.
Feng, X., and S. Gourvenec. 2015. “Consolidated undrained load-carrying capacity of subsea mudmats under combined loading in six degrees of freedom.” Géotechnique 65 (7): 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.P.090.
Gil, L. M., E. Hernández, and P. De la Fuente. 2001. “Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 21 (8): 735–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00039-2.
Gong, Q., Y. Zhao, J. Zhou, and S. Zhou. 2018. “Uplift resistance and progressive failure mechanisms of metro shield tunnel in soft clay.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 82: 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.038.
Gottardi, G., G. T. Houlsby, and R. Butterfield. 1999. “Plastic response of circular footings on sand under general planar loading.” Géotechnique 49 (4): 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.4.453.
Guo, P. 2005. “Numerical modeling of pipe–soil interaction under oblique loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(260).
Jung, J. K., T. D. O’Rourke, and N. A. Olson. 2013a. “Lateral soil–pipe interaction in dry and partially saturated sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (12): 2028–2036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000960.
Jung, J. K., T. D. O’Rourke, and N. A. Olson. 2013b. “Uplift soil–pipe interaction in granular soil.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (7): 744–753. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0357.
Keawsawasvong, S., and B. Ukritchon. 2016a. “Ultimate lateral capacity of two dimensional plane strain rectangular pile in clay.” Geomech. Eng. 11 (2): 235–252. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.2.235.
Keawsawasvong, S., and B. Ukritchon. 2016b. “Finite element limit analysis of pullout capacity of planar caissons in clay.” Comput. Geotech. 75 (May): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.01.015.
Kianian, M., and H. Shiri. 2021. “Experimental study of trench effect on lateral failure mechanisms around the pipeline buried in clay.” J. Pipeline Sci. Eng. 1 (2): 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpse.2021.01.009.
Kim, K., and C. H. Yoo. 2005. “Design loading on deeply buried box culverts.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (1): 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(20).
Kouretzis, G. P., K. Krabbenhoft, D. Sheng, and S. W. Sloan. 2014. “Soil-buried pipeline interaction for vertical downwards relative offset.” Can. Geotech. J. 51 (10): 1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0029.
Kouretzis, G. P., D. Sheng, and S. W. Sloan. 2013. “Sand–pipeline–trench lateral interaction effects for shallow buried pipelines.” Comput. Geotech. 54 (October): 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.05.008.
Krabbenhoft, K., A. V. Lyamin, and J. Krabbenhoft. 2015. Optum computational engineering (OptumG2). Copenhagen NV, Denmark: Optum Computational Engineering.
Liu, W., Q. Guo, C. Qiao, and W. Hou. 2019. “Strain design method of buried pipeline crossing fault.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 105: 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.07.036.
Lyamin, A. V., and S. W. Sloan. 2002. “Upper bound limit analysis using linear finite elements and non-linear programming.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 26 (2): 181–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.198.
Maitra, S., S. Chatterjee, and D. Choudhury. 2016. “Generalized framework to predict undrained uplift capacity of buried offshore pipelines.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (11): 1841–1852. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0153.
Martin, C. 1994. “Physical and numerical modelling of offshore foundations under combined loads.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oxford Univ.
Martin, C. M., and G. T. Houlsby. 2000. “Combined loading of spudcan foundations on clay: Laboratory tests.” Géotechnique 50 (4): 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.325.
Martin, C. M., and D. J. White. 2012. “Limit analysis of the undrained bearing capacity of offshore pipelines.” Géotechnique 62 (9): 847–863. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.OG.016.
Merifield, R. S., S. W. Sloan, and H. S. Yu. 2001. “Stability of plate anchors in undrained clay.” Géotechnique 51 (2): 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.2.141.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1975. “Uplift resistance of inclined anchors and piles.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 12 (7): 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(75)90476-3.
Nova, R., and L. Montrasio. 1991. “Settlements of shallow foundations on sand.” Géotechnique 41 (2): 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1991.41.2.243.
Nyman, K. J. 1984. “Soil response against oblique motion of pipes.” J. Transp. Eng. 110 (2): 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1984)110:2(190).
O’Rourke, T. D., and M. C. Palmer. 1996. “Earthquake performance of gas transmission pipelines.” Earthquake Spectra 12 (3): 493–527. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585895.
Randolph, M. F., and G. T. Houlsby. 1984. “The limiting pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive soil.” Géotechnique 34 (4): 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1984.34.4.613.
Rowe, R. K., and E. H. Davis. 1982. “The behaviour of anchor plates in clay.” Géotechnique 32 (1): 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1982.32.1.9.
Saiyar, M., P. Ni, W. A. Take, and I. D. Moore. 2016. “Response of pipelines of differing flexural stiffness to normal faulting.” Géotechnique 66 (4): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.14.P.175.
Suryasentana, S. K., H. J. Burd, B. W. Byrne, and A. Shonberg. 2020. “A systematic framework for formulating convex failure envelopes in multiple loading dimensions.” Géotechnique 70 (4): 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.18.P.251.
Trifonov, O. V., and V. P. Cherniy. 2012. “Elastoplastic stress–strain analysis of buried steel pipelines subjected to fault displacements with account for service loads.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 33 (1): 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.10.001.
Wang, T., L. Tan, S. Xie, and B. Ma. 2018. “Development and applications of common utility tunnels in China.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 76: 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.006.
Yimsiri, S., K. Soga, K. Yoshizaki, G. R. Dasari, and T. D. O’Rourke. 2004. “Lateral and upward soil-pipeline interactions in sand for deep embedment conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (8): 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:8(830).
Zhou, H., B. Sheil, and H. L. Liu. 2022. “Noncircular cavity expansion in undrained soil: Semi-analytical solution.” J. Eng. Mech. 148 (7): 4022032.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 18, 2021
Accepted: Aug 8, 2022
Published online: Nov 4, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Apr 4, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.