Pozzolanic Reaction of Recycled Cementitious and Red Ceramic-Waste Aggregates with Hydrated Lime for Pavement Base Layer
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 2
Abstract
Cement addition and pozzolanic reaction in construction and demolition waste recycled aggregates can stabilize the base of pavements chemically. A way to control and explore the maximum benefits of it is necessary. This study establishes a mix between recycled cementitious and red ceramic-waste aggregates with hydrated lime to enhance pozzolanic reactivity in the material and achieve the best mechanical properties compared with those of a portland cement or recycled concrete aggregate itself pavement base layers. Chemical tests (Chapelle and thermogravimetry), physical tests (grain size distribution, density), and mechanical tests [unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and resilient modulus (RM)] were conducted. The increase of hydrates in the fine fraction of the mixes and the recycled aggregate itself correlated with the resulting increase in UCS and RM. The limited contribution of the self-cementing reaction of recycled cementitious aggregates was quantified, resulting in an UCS of 1 MPa and RM of 1,000 MPa. The pozzolanic reaction of cementitious and red ceramic aggregates with hydrated lime achieved an UCS of 8.4 MPa and RM of 2,800 MPa, values closer to those achieved by a portland cement stabilized pavement base (5.4 MPa and 4,500 MPa, respectively).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the scholarship grant for the first author, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT) for assistance with some tests, and the FREMIX company (São Paulo, Brazil) for crushing the cementitious wastes from demolition sites and providing the red ceramic brick waste. S. C. Angulo thanks the CNPq research productivity scholarship, Process No. 305564/2018-8.
References
AASHTO. 2017. Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials. AASHTO T 307. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas). 2004. Recycled aggregates of construction and demolition wastes—Construction of pavement layers—Procedures. ABNT NBR 15115. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas). 2010. Pozzolanic materials—Determination of calcium hydroxide fixed—Modified Chapelle’s method. ABNT NBR 15895. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas). 2012. Soil-cement—Mixture for use in pavement layer—Procedure. ABNT NBR 12253. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas). 2013. Materials for base and subbase—Construction of pavement layers for graded crushed stone treated with cement—Requirements. ABNT NBR 11803. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas). 2019. Hydrated lime for mortars—Requirements. ABNT NBR 7175. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
ABRELPE (Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais). 2019. Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2018/2019. São Paulo, Brazil: ABRELPE.
Agrela, F., A. Barbudo, A. Ramírez, J. Ayuso, M. D. Carvajal, and J. R. Jiménez. 2012. “Construction of road sections using mixed recycled aggregates treated with cement in Malaga, Spain.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 58 (Jan): 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.003.
Angulo, S. C., C. Ulsen, V. M. John, H. Kahn, and M. A. Cincotto. 2009. “Chemical-mineralogical characterization of C&D waste recycled aggregates from São Paulo, Brazil.” Waste Manage. 29 (2): 721–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.009.
Arisha, A., A. Gabr, S. El-Badawy, and S. Shwally. 2016. “Using blends of construction & demolition waste materials and recycled clay masonry brick in pavement.” Procedia Eng. 143 (Jan): 1317–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.148.
Arisha, M., A. R. Gabr, S. M. El-Badawy, and S. A. Shwally. 2018. “Performance evaluation of construction and demolition waste materials for pavement construction in Egypt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (2): 04017270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002127.
Arm, M. 2001. “Self-cementing properties of crushed demolished concrete in unbound layers: Results from triaxial tests and field tests.” Waste Manage. 21 (3): 235–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00095-7.
Arulrajah, A., B. Ghorbani, G. Narsilio, S. Horpibulsuk, and M. Leong. 2021. “Thermal performance of geothermal pavements constructed with demolition wastes.” Geomech. Energy Environ. 28 (Dec): 100253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100253.
ASTM. 2012a. Test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12,400 ()). ASTM D 698-12. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
ASTM. 2015. Test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of fine aggregate. ASTM C128-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Test methods for compressive strength of molded soil-cement cylinders. ASTM D 1633-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012b. Test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM C127-12. São Paulo, Brazil: ABNT.
Baronio, G., and L. Binda. 1997. “Study of the pozzolanicity of some bricks and clays.” Constr. Build. Mater. 11 (1): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(96)00032-3.
Bassani, M., and L. Tefa. 2018. “Compaction and freeze-thaw degradation assessment of recycled aggregates from unseparated construction and demolition waste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 160 (Jan): 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.052.
Bassani, M., L. Tefa, B. Coppola, and P. Palmero. 2019. “Alkali-activation of aggregate fines from construction and demolition waste: Valorisation in view of road pavement subbase applications.” J. Cleaner Prod. 234 (Oct): 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.207.
Beja, I. A., R. Motta, and L. B. Bernucci. 2020. “Application of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste with Portland cement and hydrated lime as pavement subbase in Brazil.” Constr. Build. Mater. 258 (Oct): 119520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119520.
Bernucci, L., L. Motta, J. Ceratti, and J. Soares. 2007. Pavimentação asfáltica: Formação básica para engenheiros. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Petrobras.
Blengini, G. A., and E. Garbarino. 2010. “Resources and waste management in Turin (Italy): The role of recycled aggregates in the sustainable supply mix.” J. Cleaner Prod. 18 (10–11): 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.027.
Chen, K., J. Wang, B. Yu, H. Wu, and J. Zhang. 2021. “Critical evaluation of construction and demolition waste and associated environmental impacts: A scientometric analysis.” J. Cleaner Prod. 287 (Mar): 125071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125071.
Cyr, M., M. Trinh, B. Husson, and G. Casaux-Ginestet. 2014. “Effect of cement type on metakaolin efficiency.” Cem. Concr. Res. 64 (Oct): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.06.007.
da Conceição Leite, F., R. dos Santos Motta, K. L. Vasconcelos, and L. Bernucci. 2011. “Laboratory evaluation of recycled construction and demolition waste for pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (6): 2972–2979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.105.
da Silva, P. B. 2013. “Estabilização de misturas de resíduos sólidos de demolição e da indústria cerâmica para uso em camadas de pavimentos viários.” [In Portugese.] Ph.D. thesis, Engenharia de Transportes, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo.
Delloite. 2017. Resource efficient use of mixed wastes. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
European Commission. 2018. EU waste legislation. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Ghorbani, B., A. Arulrajah, G. Narsilio, S. Horpibulsuk, and M. Win Bo. 2021. “Thermal and mechanical properties of demolition wastes in geothermal pavements by experimental and machine learning techniques.” Constr. Build. Mater. 280 (Apr): 122499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122499.
Jiménez, J. R. 2013. “Recycled aggregates (RAs) for roads.” In Handbook of recycled concrete and demolition waste, 351–377. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Lau Hiu Hoong, J. D., Y. Hou, P. Turcry, P.-Y. Mahieux, H. Hamdoun, O. Amiri, J. Lux, and A. Aït-Mokhtar. 2021. “Reactivity of recycled aggregates used for pavement base: From field to laboratory.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (6): 04021129. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003661.
Lin, K.-L., H.-H. Wu, J.-L. Shie, C.-L. Hwang, and A. Cheng. 2010. “Recycling waste brick from construction and demolition of buildings as pozzolanic materials.” Waste Manage. Res. 28 (7): 653–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09358735.
Mehta, P. K., and P. J. M. Monteiro. 2006. Concrete: Microstructure, properties and materials. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Monier, V., S. Mugdal, M. Hestin, M. Trarieux, and S. Mimid. 2011. Service contract on management of construction and demolition waste. Paris: Bio Intelligence Service S.A.S.
Neville, A. M. 2011. Properties of concrete. Essex, UK: Pearson Education.
Poon, C. S., and D. Chan. 2006. “Feasible use of recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as unbound road sub-base.” Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (8): 578–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.045.
Poon, C.-S., X. C. Qiao, and D. Chan. 2006. “The cause and influence of self-cementing properties of fine recycled concrete aggregates on the properties of unbound sub-base.” Waste Manage. 26 (10): 1166–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.12.013.
Qamhia, I. I. A., E. Tutumluer, H. Ozer, H. Shoup, S. Beshears, and J. Trepanier. 2019. “Evaluation of chemically stabilized quarry byproduct applications in base and subbase layers through accelerated pavement testing.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (3): 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821099.
Quarcioni, V. A., F. F. Chotoli, A. C. V. Coelho, and M. A. Cincotto. 2015. “Indirect and direct Chapelle’s methods for the determination of lime consumption in pozzolanic materials.” Rev. IBRACON Estruturas e Mater. 8 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952015000100002.
Quattrone, M., S. C. Angulo, and V. M. John. 2014. “Energy and from high performance recycled aggregate production.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 90 (Sep): 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.06.003.
Rao, G. A. 2003. “Investigations on the performance of silica fume-incorporated cement pastes and mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (11): 1765–1770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00171-6.
Raverdy, M., et al. 1980. “Appréciation de l’activité pouzzolanique des constituants secondaires.” In Proc., 7th Congrès International de la Chimie des Ciments. Paris: Éditions Septima.
Scrivener, K., R. Snellings, and B. Lothenbach. 2016. A practical guide to microstructural analysis of cementitious materials. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Shi, C., and R. L. Day. 2001. “Comparison of different methods for enhancing reactivity of pozzolans.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (5): 813–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00481-1.
Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, and R. K. Dhir. 2019. “Use of recycled aggregates arising from construction and demolition waste in new construction applications.” J. Cleaner Prod. 236 (Nov): 117629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117629.
Souri, A., H. Kazemi-Kamyab, R. Snellings, R. Naghizadeh, F. Golestani-Fard, and K. Scrivener. 2015. “Pozzolanic activity of mechanochemically and thermally activated kaolins in cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 77 (Nov): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.017.
Taylor, H. F. W. 1990. Cement chemistry. London: Thomas Telford.
Vazquez, E. 2013. Progress of recycling in the built environment: Final report of the RILEM technical committee 217-PRE. New York: Springer.
Vegas, I., J. A. Ibañez, A. Lisbona, A. Sáez de Cortazar, and M. Frías. 2011. “Pre-normative research on the use of mixed recycled aggregates in unbound road sections.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2674–2682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.018.
Wong, C. L., K. H. Mo, S. P. Yap, U. J. Alengaram, and T.-C. Ling. 2018. “Potential use of brick waste as alternate concrete-making materials: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 195 (Sep): 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.193.
Wu, Y., Y. Guo, and X. Zhang. 2009. “Application of recycled brick-stone aggregate in road base.” In Material design, construction, maintenance, and testing of pavements, 43–48. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Xuan, D. X., A. A. A. Molenaar, and L. J. M. Houben. 2015. “Evaluation of cement treatment of reclaimed construction and demolition waste as road bases.” J. Cleaner Prod. 100 (Aug): 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.033.
Zheng, L., H. Wu, H. Zhang, H. Duan, J. Wang, W. Jiang, B. Dong, G. Liu, J. Zuo, and Q. Song. 2017. “Characterizing the generation and flows of construction and demolition waste in China.” Constr. Build. Mater. 136 (Apr): 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.055.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 2 • February 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 8, 2021
Accepted: May 16, 2022
Published online: Nov 29, 2022
Published in print: Feb 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Apr 29, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Shravan Kumar Gangu, S. Shankar, Recycled Concrete Aggregate Stabilized with Lime-Fly Ash and Cement for Utilization as a Semirigid Base Course of Low-Volume Roads, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16239, 36, 4, (2024).