Initial Corrosion of Steel in Cement-Based Composites in Saline Soil at 65°C
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 11
Abstract
In practice, the initial corrosion of steel is particularly important in terms of the assessment of serviceability and durability. Corrosion initiation of steel is strongly affected by ion chemical compositions and concentration, which are essentially different in saline soils than in marine, coastal, airborne, and deicing salt environments. However, of even greater importance is the effect of temperature. This study characterized the time required for corrosion initiation of steel in cement-based composites exposed to a simulated saline soil solution at 65°C. Steel electrode samples were used to evaluate the time to initial corrosion in the simulated solution of saline soil at 65°C (and at 45°C and 25°C for comparison) via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cement-based composite cube samples were made to measure the chloride diffusion behaviors. The higher temperature led to a decrease in free chloride, which is essential to the initial corrosion of steel, but an increase in chloride diffusion depth and chloride concentration. Using these data, Fick’s second law was employed to derive the prediction equation for time to corrosion initiation. The results in this paper are expected to expand and improve the body of knowledge related to the initial corrosion of steel, which will facilitate prediction of the service life of cement-based composites structures in a saline soil environment at 65°C.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the sponsorship of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51368040), the Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation (2015MS0505), the Young Talents of Science and Technology Program at the University of Inner Mongolia (NJYT-14-B08), and the Technological Achievements Transformation Projects of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2019CG072).
References
Angst, U. M. 2019. “Predicting the time to corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete structures exposed to chlorides.” Cem. Concr. Res. 115 (Jan): 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.08.007.
Angst, U. M., M. Büchler, J. Schlumpf, and B. Marazzani. 2016. An organic corrosion-inhibiting admixture for reinforced concrete: 18 years of field experience.” Mater. Struct. 49 (7): 2807–2818. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0687-2.
Ann, K. Y., and H.-W. Song. 2007. “Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete.” Corros. Sci. 49 (11): 4113–4133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.007.
Baccay, M. A., N. Otsuki, T. Nishida, and S. I. Maruyama. 2006. Influence of cement type and temperature on the rate of corrosion of steel in concrete exposed to carbonation.” Corrosion 62 (9): 811–821. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3278306.
Balonis, M. 2019. Thermodynamic modelling of temperature effects on the mineralogy of Portland cement systems containing chloride.” Cem. Concr. Res. 120 (Jun): 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.03.011.
Cao, J., Y. Wang, K. Li, and Y. Ma. 2012. “Modeling the diffusion of chloride ion in concrete using cellular automaton.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (6): 783–788. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000440.
CNS (Chinese National Standard). 2009. Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete. GB/T 50082-2009. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
CNS (Chinese National Standard). 2010. Code for design of concrete structures. GB/T 50010-2010.522. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Deus, J. M., L. Freire, M. F. Montemor, and X. R. Nóvoa. 2012. “The corrosion potential of stainless steel rebars in concrete: Temperature effect.” Corros. Sci. 65 (Dec): 556–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.09.001.
Duffó, G. S., and S. B. Farina. 2016. “Electrochemical behaviour of steel in mortar and in simulated pore solutions: Analogies and differences.” Cem. Concr. Res. 88 (Oct): 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.07.007.
Feng, X., T. Wu, J.-L. Luo, and X. Lu. 2020. “Degradation of passive film on 304 stainless steel in a simulated concrete pore solution under alternating temperature condition.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 112 (Sep): 103651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103651.
Figueira, R. B., A. Sadovski, A. P. Melo, and E. V. Pereira. 2017. “Chloride threshold value to initiate reinforcement corrosion in simulated concrete pore solutions: The influence of surface finishing and pH.” Constr. Build. Mater. 141 (Jun): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.004.
Fu, Y., C. Lu, and W. Li. 2012. “Present situation of corrosion and protection of buildings in saline soil and salt lake environments.” Corros. Prot. 33 (8): 652–657.
Gastaldi, M., and L. Bertolini. 2014. “Effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of low-nickel duplex stainless steel bars in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 56 (Feb): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.004.
Ghods, P., O. B. Isgor, G. A. McRae, and G. P. Gu. 2010. “Electrochemical investigation of chloride-induced depassivation of black steel rebar under simulated service conditions.” Corros. Sci. 52 (5): 1649–1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.02.016.
Guo, B., Y. Hong, G. Qiao, J. Ou, and Z. Li. 2018. “Thermodynamic modeling of the essential physicochemical interactions between the pore solution and the cement hydrates in chloride-contaminated cement-based materials.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 531 (Dec): 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.005.
Han, W., C. Pan, Z. Wang, and G. Yu. 2014. “A study on the initial corrosion behavior of carbon steel exposed to outdoor wet-dry cyclic condition.” Corros. Sci. 88 (Nov): 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.07.031.
He, R., H. Ye, H. Ma, C. Fu, X. Jin, and Z. Li. 2019. “Correlating the chloride diffusion coefficient and pore structure of cement-based materials using modified noncontact electrical resistivity measurement.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (3): 04019006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002616.
Hu, S., J. Peng, J. Zhang, and C. S. Cai. 2017. “Influences of time, temperature, and humidity on chloride diffusivity: Mesoscopic numerical research.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (11): 04017223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002080.
Isteita, M., and Y. Xi. 2017. “The effect of temperature variation on chloride penetration in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.139.
Jamil, H. E., A. Shriri, R. Boulif, M. F. Montemor, and M. G. S. Ferreira. 2005. “Corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel exposed to an amino alcohol based corrosion inhibitor.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 27 (6): 671–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.09.019.
Li, C.-Z., X.-B. Song, and L. Jiang. 2021. “A time-dependent chloride diffusion model for predicting initial corrosion time of reinforced concrete with slag addition.” Cem. Concr. Res. 145 (Jul): 106455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106455.
Li, Y., and F. Zhao. 2019. “Statistical Analysis of High Temperature Weather in Inner Mongolia in 2018.” Meteorol. J. Inner Mongolia 6: 3–7. https://doi.org/10.14174/j.cnki.nmqx.2019.06.001.
Li, Y., and F. Zhao. 2020. “Statistical Analysis of High Temperature Weather in Inner Mongolia in 2019.” Meteorol. J. Inner Mongolia 5: 3–7. https://doi.org/10.14174/j.cnki.nmqx.2020.05.001.
Liu, H., and Y. Jiang. 2020. “Variation characteristics of annual average temperature in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2018.” Inner Mongol. Sci. Technol. Econ. 20: 63–64.
Liu, S., and H. Wu. 2021. “Characteristics of extreme high temperature in summer in inner mongolia during 1961-2018 and its relationship with atmospheric circulation anomalies.” Meteorol. J. Inner Mongolia 1: 10–12. https://doi.org/10.14174/j.cnki.nmqx.2021.01.002.
Liu, Y., Z. Song, W. Wang, L. Jiang, Y. Zhang, M. Guo, and N. Xu. 2019. “Effect of ginger extract as green inhibitor on chloride-induced corrosion of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solutions.” J. Cleaner Prod. 214 (Mar): 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.299.
Ma, H., W. Gong, H. Yu, and W. Sun. 2018. “Durability of concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles in various types of salt lake brines.” Constr. Build. Mater. 193 (Dec): 286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.211.
Michel, A., P. V. Nygaard, and M. R. Geiker. 2013. “Experimental investigation on the short-term impact of temperature and moisture on reinforcement corrosion.” Corros. Sci. 72 (Jul): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.02.006.
Monticelli, C., M. E. Natali, A. Balbo, C. Chiavari, F. Zanotto, S. Manzi, and M. C. Bignozzi. 2016. “A study on the corrosion of reinforcing bars in alkali-activated fly ash mortars under wet and dry exposures to chloride solutions.” Cem. Concr. Res. 87 (Dec): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.05.010.
Muthulingam, S., and B. N. Rao. 2014. “Non-uniform time-to-corrosion initiation in steel reinforced concrete under chloride environment.” Corros. Sci. 82 (May): 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.01.023.
Petcherdchoo, A. 2013. “Time dependent models of apparent diffusion coefficient and surface chloride for chloride transport in fly ash concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.041.
Petcherdchoo, A. 2016. “Pseudo-coating model for predicting chloride diffusion into surface-coated concrete in tidal zone: Time-dependent approach.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 74 (Nov): 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.08.009.
Pour-Ghaz, M., O. B. Isgor, and P. Ghods. 2009. “The effect of temperature on the corrosion of steel in concrete. Part 1: Simulated polarization resistance tests and model development.” Corros. Sci. 51 (2): 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.10.034.
Qiu, J., Y. Li, Y. Xu, A. Wu, and D. D. Macdonald. 2020. “Effect of temperature on corrosion of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution under anoxic conditions.” Corros. Sci. 175 (Oct): 108886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108886.
Sahmaran, M., M. Li, and V. C. Li. 2007. “Transport properties of engineered cementitious composites under chloride exposure.” ACI Mater. J. 104 (6): 604–611. https://doi.org/10.14359/18964.
Song, H.-W., C.-H. Lee, and K. Y. Ann. 2008. “Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 30 (2): 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.09.005.
Sotiriadis, K., E. Rakanta, M. E. Mitzithra, G. Batis, and S. Tsivilis. 2017. “Influence of sulfates on chloride diffusion and chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in limestone cement materials at low temperature.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (8): 04017060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001895.
Ting, M. Z. Y., K. S. Wong, M. E. Rahman, and S. J. Meheron. 2021. “Deterioration of marine concrete exposed to wetting-drying action.” J. Cleaner Prod. 278 (Jan): 123383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123383.
Val, D. V., and P. A. Trapper. 2008. “Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 93 (3): 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.010.
Wang, J., Z. Y. Wang, and W. Ke. 2010. “Corrosion behaviour of weathering steel in diluted Qinghai salt lake water in a laboratory accelerated test that involved cyclic wet/dry conditions.” Mater. Chem. Phys. 124 (2–3): 952–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.07.069.
Wang, W., H. Chen, X. Li, and Z. Zhu. 2017. “Corrosion behavior of steel bars immersed in simulated pore solutions of alkali-activated slag mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 143 (Jul): 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.132.
Yamashita, M., H. Konishi, T. Kozakura, J. Mizuki, and H. Uchida. 2005. “In situ observation of initial rust formation process on carbon steel under and NaCl solution films with wet/dry cycles using synchrotron radiation X-rays.” Corros. Sci. 47 (10): 2492–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2004.10.021.
Yang, D., C. Yan, J. Zhang, S. Liu, and J. Li. 2021. “Chloride threshold value and initial corrosion time of steel bars in concrete exposed to saline soil environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 267 (Jan): 120979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120979.
You, N., J. Shi, and Y. Zhang. 2020. “Corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel reinforcement in alkali-activated slag-steel slag and Portland cement-based mortars under simulated marine environment.” Corros. Sci. 175 (Oct): 108874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108874.
Yu, H., W. Sun, J. Wang, L. Yan, W. Qu, and Z. Wang. 2003. “Circumstance of Salt lakes and the durability of concrete or reinforced concrete.” Ind. Constr. 33 (3): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.13204/j.gyjz2003.03.001.
Zhang, Z., et al. 2021. “Corrosion behavior of the reinforcement in chloride-contaminated alkali-activated fly ash pore solution.” Composites, Part B 224 (Nov): 109215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109215.
Živica, V., L. Krajc˘i, L. Bágel, and M. Vargová. 1997. “Significance of the ambient temperature and the steel material in the process of concrete reinforcement corrosion.” Constr. Build. Mater. 11 (2): 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(97)00001-9.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 11 • November 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 7, 2021
Accepted: Mar 2, 2022
Published online: Aug 23, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.