Structural Behavior of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer for Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 11
Abstract
The environmental concerns associated with the use of portland cement prompted finding an alternative. As a possible solution to this issue, fly ash–based geopolymer concrete has been developed and implemented in roller-compacted concrete pavement. The mechanical and rheological properties of roller-compacted geopolymer concrete were analyzed, accompanied by the chemical characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) of the optimized samples, which confirmed the formation of geopolymer. The research entailed creating a stepwise mix design to determine the aggregate proportion and particle-size distribution of mixed aggregate that can achieve high packing density, resulting in improved roller-compacted geopolymer concrete properties. The optimized mixture was developed using dry sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce roller-compacted concrete, and the mixture characteristics were analyzed in different weather conditions such as humidity and temperature. The compressive strength after 28 days was 58 MPa at ambient curing and 61 MPa at thermal curing conditions. Flexural strength and split tensile strength were 5.5 and 4.2 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity was 33.10 GPa. The designed concrete was tested in the field by filling patches on cement concrete and bituminous pavements and compacting them with a prototype roller developed to test the mutual adhesiveness of the concrete and roller.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data models that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The experiments were conducted at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, (CSIR–AMPRI) Bhopal (MP), India.
References
Aghaeipour, A., and M. Madhkhan. 2019. “Mechanical properties and durability of roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP)—A review.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 21 (7): 1775–1798. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1579754.
Aghaeipour, A., M. Madhkhan, and A. Ashrafian. 2017. “Improved management of RCC pavement technology.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (3): 1–12.
Albidah, A., M. Alghannam, H. Abbas, T. Almusallam, and Y. Al-Salloum. 2021. “Characteristics of metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete for different mix design parameters.” J. Mater. Res. Technol. 10 (Jan): 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.11.104.
ASTM. 2005. Standard test method for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance. ASTM C403. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Atiş, C. D. 2005. “Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete, and influence of curing condition.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (6): 1112–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.037.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1999. Indian standard Splitting tensile strength of concrete—Method of test (first revision). New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete. IS 456. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2002. Splitting tensile strength of concrete method of test. IS 5816. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2004. Method of tests for strength of concrete. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2005. Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement. Part V—Determination of initial and final setting times. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Specification for pulverized fuel ash, part-1: For use as Pozzolana in cement, cement mortar and concrete. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2016. Specification coarse and fine aggregate for concrete. IS 383. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2018a. Concrete mix design proportioning guidelines. IS 10262. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2018b. Part 2: Determination of consistency of fresh concrete. IS 1199. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2018c. Part 4: Hardened concrete—Methods of tests. IS 516. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Chhorn, C., and S. W. Lee. 2017. “Consistency control of roller-compacted concrete for pavement.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 21 (5): 1757–1763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0820-y.
Crispino, M., E. Mariani, and R. Rampini. 2011. “Increasing asphalt pavements durability through accurate construction: A model for compaction design.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 7 (1): 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732471003588767.
Cubukcuoglu, B. 2016. “Use of sustainable inorganic binders in the treatment of bag-house dust.” In Ironmaking and steelmaking processes: Greenhouse emissions, control, and reduction, edited by P. Cavaliere. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39529-6_14.
Cui, Y., K. Gao, and P. Zhang. 2020. “Experimental and statistical study on mechanical characteristics of geopolymer concrete.” Materials 13 (7): 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071651.
Davidovits, P. J. 2002. “30 Years of successes and failures in geopolymer applications. Market trends and potential breakthroughs.” In Proc., Geopolymer 2002 Conf. Saint-Quentin, France: Geopolymer Institute.
Delatte, N., N. Amer, and C. Storey. 2003. Improved management of RCC pavement technology. Rep. No. 01231. Birmingham, AL, Canada: Univ. Transportation Center for Alabama.
Doh, Y. S., K. K. Yun, S. N. Amirkhanian, and K. W. Kim. 2007. “Framework for developing a static strength test for measuring deformation resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (12): 2047–2058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.032.
Duxson, P., J. L. Provis, G. C. Lukey, and J. S. J. van Deventer. 2007. “The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘green concrete’.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (12): 1590–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018.
Fan, F., Z. Liu, G. Xu, H. Peng, and C. S. Cai. 2018. “Mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash based geopolymers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 160 (3): 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.023.
Gupta, R., P. Bhardwaj, D. Mishra, M. Mudgal, R. K. Chouhan, M. Prasad, and S. S. Amritphale. 2017. “Evolution of advanced geopolymeric cementitious material via a novel process.” Adv. Cem. Res. 29 (3): 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.16.00113.
Hardjito, D., S. E. Wallah, D. M. J. Sumajouw, and B. V. Rangan. 2004. “On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 101 (6): 467–472.
Harrington, D., F. Abdo, W. Adaska, and C. Hazaree. 2010. Guide for roller-compacted concrete pavements. Washington, DC: Institute for Transportation.
Hassan, A., M. Arif, and M. Shariq. 2019. “Use of geopolymer concrete for a cleaner and sustainable environment—A review of mechanical properties and microstructure.” J. Cleaner Prod. 223 (Jun): 704–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.051.
Hesami, S., A. Modarres, M. Soltaninejad, and H. Madani. 2016. “Mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete pavement containing coal waste and limestone powder as partial replacements of cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 111 (3): 625–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.116.
Hossain, S., and C. Ozyildirm. 2015. Use of roller-compacted concrete pavement in Stafford, Virginia. Reston, VA: Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2004. Guidelines for the design and construction of cement concrete pavement for low volume roads. IRC SP 62: 2004. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2005. Guidelines for construction of roller compacted concrete pavements. IRC SP 68: 2005. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2008. Guidelines for maintenance, repairs & rehabilitation of cement concrete pavements. IRC SP 83: 2008. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2017. Guidelines for cement concrete mix design for pavements. IRC 44: 2017. New Delhi, India: IRC.
Khayat, K., and N. Libre. 2014. “Roller compacted concrete: Field evaluation and mixture.” In Optimization. Columbia, MO: Missouri Univ.
Khayat, K. H., N. A. Libre, and Z. WuRoller. 2019. Roller compacted concrete for rapid pavement construction. MoDOT Research Rep. No. CMR 19-003. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri DOT Construction and Materials Division Research Section.
Kruckenberg, T., L. Ye, and R. Paton. 2008. “Static and vibration compaction and microstructure analysis on plain-woven textile fabrics.” Composites, Part A 39 (3): 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.12.003.
Kumar, S. V., and M. Santhanam. 2003. “Particle packing theories and their application in concrete mixture proportioning: A review.” Indian Concr. J. 77 (9): 1324–1331.
Lam, M. N. T., S. Jaritngam, and D. H. Le. 2017. “Roller-compacted concrete pavement made of Electric Arc Furnace slag aggregate: Mix design and mechanical properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 154 (Apr): 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.240.
Lee, H. J., J. H. Lee, and H. M. Park. 2007. “Performance evaluation of high modulus asphalt mixtures for long life asphalt pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (5): 1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.003.
Lessard, J.-M., A. Omran, A. Tagnit-Hamou, and R. Gagne. 2017. “Feasibility of using biomass fly and bottom ashes to produce RCC and PCC.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (4): 04016267. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001796.
Ling, J., S. Lin, J. Qian, J. Zhang, B. Han, and M. Liu. 2018. “Continuous compaction control technology for granite residual subgrade compaction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (12): 04018316. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002522.
Mabroum, S., et al. 2021. “Roller compacted geopolymer concrete using recycled concrete aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 283 (Jan): 122624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122624.
Mendis, P., and C. McClaskey. 1989. Polymers in concrete advances and applications. Indianapolis: American Concrete Institute.
Micaelo, R., J. Ribeiro, M. Azevedo, and N. Azevedo. 2011. “Asphalt compaction study.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 12 (3): 461–491.
Nath, P., and P. K. Sarker. 2017. “Flexural strength and elastic modulus of ambient-cured blended low-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.034.
Rahman, S. S., and M. J. Khattak. 2020. Mechanical and durability characteristics of roller compacted geopolymer concrete using reclaimed asphalt pavement, 420–430. Doha, Qatar: Qatar Univ.
Raj, N., and G. Patil. 2014. “Concrete mix design by packing density method.” J. Mech. Civ. Eng. 11 (2): 34–46. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-11213446.
Ramujee, K., and M. Potharaju. 2017. “Mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete composites.” Mater. Today:. Proc. 4: 2937–2945.
Rath, B., S. Deo, and G. Ramtekkar. 2020. “A proposed mix design of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials by packing density method.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 44 (2): 615–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00362-4.
Scott, R. A., and R. W. Pearce. 1975. “Soil compaction by impact.” Géotechnique 25 (1): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1975.25.1.19.
Shabbir Hossain, M., and H. Celik Ozyildirim. 2016. Investigation of roller—Compacted concrete for use in pavements in Virginia. Rep. No. FHWA/VTRC 17-R10. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Transportation Research Council.
Sun, Y., Z. Wang, Q. Gao, and C. Liu. 2018. “A new mixture design methodology based on the packing density theory for high performance concrete in bridge engineering.” Constr. Build. Mater. 182 (Sep): 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.062.
Tahir, M. F. M., M. M. A. B. Abdullah, M. R. M. Hasan, and W. W. A. Zailani. 2019. “Optimization of fly ash based geopolymer mix design for rigid pavement application.” In Proc., AIP Conf. College Park, MD: American Institute of Physics.
Vahedifard, F., M. Nili, and C. L. Meehan. 2010. “Assessing the effects of supplementary cementitious materials on the performance of low-cement roller compacted concrete pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2528–2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.003.
Venkateswara Rao, A., and K. Srinivasa Rao. 2020. “Effect of fly ash on strength of concrete.” In Circular economy and fly ash management, 125–134. Singapore: Springer.
Won, J. P., J. M. Kim, S. J. Lee, S. W. Lee, and S. K. Park. 2011. “Mix proportion of high-strength, roller-compacted, latex-modified rapid-set concrete for rapid road repair.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (4): 1796–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.085.
Xu, H., and J. S. J. Van Deventer. 2002. “Factors affecting the geopolymerization of alkali-feldspars.” Miner. Metall. Process 19 (4): 209–214.
Zailani, W. W. A., M. M. A. B. Abdullah, R. A. Razak, and M. R. R. Zainol. 2017. “Bond strength mechanism of fly ash based geopolymer mortars: A review.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 267 (1): 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/267/1/012008.
Zannerni, G. M., K. P. Fattah, and A. K. Al-Tamimi. 2020. “Ambient-cured geopolymer concrete with single alkali activator.” Sustainable Mater. Technol. 23 (2): e00131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00131.
Zhang, Z. H., H. J. Zhu, C. H. Zhou, and H. Wang. 2016. “Geopolymer from kaolin in China: An overview.” Appl. Clay Sci. 119 (Jan): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.04.023.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 27, 2021
Accepted: Feb 23, 2022
Published online: Aug 24, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 24, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Xietian Xia, Donghai Liu, Interlayer Aggregates Embeddedness Index and Its Characterization for Interlayer Bonding Quality of Roller-Compacted Concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-14702, 35, 10, (2023).