Evaluation of Waste Tire Pyrolytic Oil as a Rejuvenation Agent for Unmodified, Polymer-Modified, and Rubber-Modified Aged Asphalt Binders
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 10
Abstract
This study evaluated tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) derived from waste tire pyrolysis as a rejuvenating agent for three types of aged asphalt binders (unmodified, polymer-modified, and crumb rubber–modified). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was performed to identify chemical compounds present in TPO. The rheological characteristics of all binders were examined through the complex viscosity–frequency profile, zero-shear viscosity, failure temperature, Black space diagrams, Cole–Cole plots, Superpave fatigue parameter, Glover–Rowe parameter, and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests. Mass loss was also determined for the rejuvenated binders. All binders were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and sulfoxide and carbonyl indices were computed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to study the effect of TPO on the micromorphology of the binders. The normalized Euclidean distance approach was used to rank the rejuvenated binders with respect to the proximity of their rheological and FTIR characteristics to that of the unaged binder. The use of TPO as a rejuvenating agent enabled the aged binders to achieve properties comparable to those of the unaged asphalt binder. The AFM-based rejuvenation index (RI) indicated a good potential of TPO as a rejuvenator. The results of the binder rheological parameters and the FTIR indicators investigated in the study indicated that a 9% dosage of TPO as a rejuvenating agent was the most effective.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Innova Engineering & Fabrication (Mumbai, India) for providing the tire pyrolytic oil used in this study. We also thank the Central Instruments Facility (CIF), IIT Guwahati for the atomic force microscopy of asphalt binder specimens.
References
AASHTO. 2014. Standard method of test for estimating fatigue resistance of asphalt binders using the linear amplitude sweep. AASHTO TP 101. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Abdelaziz, A., E. Masad, A. Epps Martin, E. A. Mercado, and A. Bajaj. 2021. “Multiscale characterization of aging and rejuvenation in asphalt binder blends with high RAP contents.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (10): 04021287. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003910.
Airey, G. D. 2002. “Use of Black diagrams to identify inconsistencies in rheological data.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 3 (4): 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2002.9689933.
Anderson, M. 2021. “Lab corner: Sci-fi and French fries.” Asphalt: The Magazine of the Asphalt Institute. Accessed August 14, 2021. http://asphaltmagazine.com/lab-corner-sci-fi-and-french-fries/.
Anderson, R. M., G. N. King, D. I. Hanson, and P. B. Blankenship. 2011. “Evaluation of the relationship between asphalt binder properties and non-load related cracking.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 80: 615–664.
Asadi, B., N. Tabatabaee, and R. Hajj. 2021. “Use of linear amplitude sweep test as a damage tolerance or fracture test to determine the optimum content of asphalt rejuvenator.” Constr. Build. Mater. 300 (Sep): 123983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123983.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (Rolling thin-film oven test). ASTM D2872. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV). ASTM D6521. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Avsenik, L., D. Klinar, M. Tušar, and L. S. Perše. 2016. “Use of modified slow tire pyrolysis product as a rejuvenator for aged bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater. 120 (Sep): 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.140.
AZo Materials. 2019. “Asphalt and the production of a ‘Black Curve’ graph for determination of differences in asphalt products.” Accessed August 14, 2021. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2832.
Baldino, N., C. O. Rossi, F. R. Lupi, and D. Gabriele. 2017. “Rheological and structural properties at high and low temperature of bitumen for warm recycling technology.” Colloids Surf., A 532 (Nov): 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.069.
Banar, M., V. Akyıldız, A. Özkan, Z. Çokaygil, and Ö. Onay. 2012. “Characterization of pyrolytic oil obtained from pyrolysis of TDF (Tire Derived Fuel).” Energy Convers. Manage. 62 (Oct): 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.03.019.
Behnood, A. 2019. “Application of rejuvenators to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 231 (Sep): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.209.
Cao, X., H. Wang, X. Cao, W. Sun, H. Zhu, and B. Tang. 2018. “Investigation of rheological and chemical properties asphalt binder rejuvenated with waste vegetable oil.” Constr. Build. Mater. 180 (Aug): 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.001.
Cavalli, M. C., M. Zaumanis, E. Mazza, M. N. Partl, and L. D. Poulikakos. 2018. “Effect of ageing on the mechanical and chemical properties of binder from RAP treated with bio-based rejuvenators.” Composites, Part B 141 (May): 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.060.
Chaala, A., C. Roy, and A. Ait-Kadi. 1996. “Rheological properties of bitumen modified with pyrolytic carbon black.” Fuel 75 (13): 1575–1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00143-3.
Czajczyńska, D., R. Krzyżyńska, H. Jouhara, and N. Spencer. 2017. “Use of pyrolytic gas from waste tire as a fuel: A review.” Energy 134 (Sep): 1121–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.042.
Devulapalli, L., S. Kothandaraman, and G. Sarang. 2020a. “Effect of rejuvenating agents on stone matrix asphalt mixtures incorporating RAP.” Constr. Build. Mater. 254 (Sep): 119298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119298.
Devulapalli, L., S. Kothandaraman, and G. Sarang. 2020b. “Microstructural characterisation of reclaimed asphalt pavement with rejuvenators.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1788027.
Elkashef, M., J. Podolsky, R. C. Williams, and E. Cochran. 2017. “Preliminary examination of soybean oil derived material as a potential rejuvenator through Superpave criteria and asphalt bitumen rheology.” Constr. Build. Mater. 149 (Sep): 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.195.
Feng, Z. G., W. Y. Rao, C. Chen, B. Tian, X. J. Li, P. L. Li, and Q. L. Guo. 2016. “Performance evaluation of bitumen modified with pyrolysis carbon black made from waste tyres.” Constr. Build. Mater. 111 (May): 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.143.
Ganter, D., T. Mielke, M. Maier, and D. C. Lupascu. 2019. “Bitumen rheology and the impact of rejuvenators.” Constr. Build. Mater. 222 (Oct): 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.177.
Ge, D., S. Chen, Z. You, X. Yang, H. Yao, M. Ye, and Y. K. Yap. 2019. “Correlation of DSR results and FTIR’s carbonyl and sulfoxide indexes: Effect of aging temperature on asphalt rheology.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (7): 04019115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002781.
Guo, M., M. Liang, Y. Jiao, Y. Tan, J. Yu, and D. Luo. 2021. “Effect of aging and rejuvenation on adhesion properties of modified asphalt binder based on AFM.” J. Microsc. 284 (3): 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.13058.
Haghshenas, H. F., R. Rea, G. Reinke, A. Yousefi, D. F. Haghshenas, and P. Ayar. 2021. “Effect of recycling agents on the resistance of asphalt binders to cracking and moisture damage.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (10): 04021292. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003921.
Hajikarimi, P., M. Rahi, and F. M. Nejad. 2015. “Comparing different rutting specification parameters using high temperature characteristics of rubber-modified asphalt binders.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 16 (4): 751–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1063533.
Hajj, R., and A. Bhasin. 2018. “The search for a measure of fatigue cracking in asphalt binders–A review of different approaches.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (3): 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1279490.
Hintz, C., R. Velasquez, C. Johnson, and H. Bahia. 2011. “Modification and validation of linear amplitude sweep test for binder fatigue specification.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2207 (1): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.3141/2207-13.
Jerin, T., S. Mahzabin, S. Siddique, T. A. Elma, M. I. Hossain, and M. R. Islam. 2020. “Modified asphalt with carbon black from scrap tire pyrolysis.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Transportation and Development 2020, 72–82. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kandhal, P. S. 1977. “Low-temperature ductility in relation to pavement performance.” In Low-temperature properties of bituminous materials and compacted bituminous paving mixtures, 95–106. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Kumar, A., and R. Choudhary. 2020. “Use of waste tyre pyrolytic products for asphalt binder modification.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. Asphalt Technol. 21: 35–51.
Kumar, A., R. Choudhary, P. S. Kandhal, A. Julaganti, O. P. Behera, A. Singh, and R. Kumar. 2020. “Fatigue characterization of modified asphalt binders containing warm mix asphalt additives.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 21 (2): 519–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1507921.
Kumar, A., R. Choudhary, and A. Kumar. 2021. “Storage stability of waste tire pyrolytic char–modified asphalt binders: Rheological and chemical characterization.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (3): 04021489. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004129.
Kusam, A., H. Malladi, A. A. Tayebali, and N. P. Khosla. 2017. “Laboratory evaluation of workability and moisture susceptibility of warm-mix asphalt mixtures containing recycled asphalt pavements.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (5): 04016276. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001825.
Liu, S., A. Peng, J. Wu, and S. B. Zhou. 2018. “Waste engine oil influences on chemical and rheological properties of different asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 1210–1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.126.
Lu, X., and U. Isacsson. 2002. “Effect of ageing on bitumen chemistry and rheology.” Constr. Build. Mater. 16 (1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(01)00033-2.
Martínez, J. D., N. Puy, R. Murillo, T. García, M. V. Navarro, and A. M. Mastral. 2013. “Waste tire pyrolysis–A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 23 (Jul): 179–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.038.
Mazzoni, G., E. Bocci, and F. Canestrari. 2018. “Influence of rejuvenators on bitumen ageing in hot recycled asphalt mixtures.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 5 (3): 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2018.01.001.
Mirhosseini, A. F., A. Tahami, I. Hoff, S. Dessouky, A. Kavussi, L. Fuentes, and L. F. Walubita. 2020. "Performance characterization of warm-mix asphalt containing high reclaimed-asphalt pavement with bio-oil rejuvenator." J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (12): 04020382. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003481.
Mogawer, W. S., A. Booshehrian, S. Vahidi, and A. J. Austerman. 2013. “Evaluating the effect of rejuvenators on the degree of blending and performance of high RAP, RAS, and RAP/RAS mixtures.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (sup2): 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.812836.
Moreno-Navarro, F., M. Sol-Sánchez, F. Gámiz, and M. C. Rubio-Gámez. 2018. “Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene modified asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 180 (Aug): 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.259.
Mouillet, V., F. Farcas, and S. Besson. 2008. “Ageing by UV radiation of an elastomer modified bitumen.” Fuel 87 (12): 2408–2419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.02.008.
Nivitha, M. R., E. Prasad, and J. M. Krishnan. 2016. “Ageing in modified bitumen using FTIR spectroscopy.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 17 (7): 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1007230.
Norambuena-Contreras, J., L. E. Arteaga-Pérez, J. L. Concha, and I. Gonzalez-Torre. 2021. “Pyrolytic oil from waste tyres as a promising encapsulated rejuvenator for the extrinsic self-healing of bituminous materials.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 22 (sup1): S117–S133. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1907216.
Ongel, A., and M. Hugener. 2015. “Impact of rejuvenators on aging properties of bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (Sep): 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.030.
Qin, Q., J. F. Schabron, R. B. Boysen, and M. J. Farrar. 2014. “Field aging effect on chemistry and rheology of asphalt binders and rheological predictions for field aging.” Fuel 121 (Apr): 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.040.
Radenberg, M., S. Boetcher, and N. Sedaghat. 2016. “Effect and efficiency of rejuvenators on aged asphalt binder—German experiences.” In Proc. 6th Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, 1–3. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Asphalt Society.
Rowe, G. M., G. King, and M. Anderson. 2014. “The influence of binder rheology on the cracking of asphalt mixes in airport and highway projects.” J. Test. Eval. 42 (5): 1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20130245.
Ržek, L., D. Klinar, and M. Tušar. 2018. “Increase of asphalt recycling by using pyrolysis products of waste tires.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Road and Rail Infrastructure. Zagreb, Croatia: Univ. of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering.
Ržek, L., M. R. Turk, and M. Tušar. 2020a. “Increasing the rate of reclaimed asphalt in asphalt mixture by using alternative rejuvenator produced by tire pyrolysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 232 (Jan): 117177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117177.
Ržek, L., M. Tušar, and L. Slemenik Perše. 2020b. “Modelling rheological characteristics of rejuvenated aged bitumen.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1799205.
Saleh, T. A., and V. K. Gupta. 2014. “Processing methods, characteristics and adsorption behavior of tire derived carbons: A review.” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 211 (Sep): 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.06.006.
Sánchez-Olmos, L. A., J. Medina-Valtierra, K. Sathish Kumar, and M. Sánchez Cardenas. 2017. “Sulfonated char from waste tire rubber used as strong acid catalyst for biodiesel production.” Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy 36 (2): 619–626. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12499.
Sigma Aldrich. 2021. “IR spectrum table and chart.” Accessed August 15, 2021. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biology/ir-spectrum-table.html.
Silva, H. M. R. D., J. R. M. Oliveira, and C. M. G. Jesus. 2012. “Are totally recycled hot mix asphalts a sustainable alternative for road paving?” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 60 (Mar): 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.013.
Sybilski, D. 1996. “Zero-shear viscosity of bituminous binder and its relation to bituminous mixture’s rutting resistance.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1535 (1): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500103.
Tomei, M. C., and A. J. Daugulis. 2013. “Feasibility of operating a solid–liquid bioreactor with used automobile tires as the sequestering phase for the biodegradation of inhibitory compounds.” J. Environ. Manage. 125 (Aug): 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.047.
Tran, N. H., A. Taylor, and R. Willis. 2012. Effect of rejuvenator on performance properties of HMA mixtures with high RAP and RAS contents. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn Univ.
Venudharan, V., and K. P. Biligiri. 2019. “A novel design toolkit to assess asphalt-rubber gap-graded mixture performance: Target properties and parametric relationships.” Constr. Build. Mater. 219 (Sep): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.165.
Wang, H., G. Lu, S. Feng, X. Wen, and J. Yang. 2019a. “Characterization of bitumen modified with pyrolytic carbon black from scrap tires.” Sustainability 11 (6): 1631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061631.
Wang, M., L. Zhang, A. Li, M. Irfan, Y. Du, and W. Di. 2019b. “Comparative pyrolysis behaviors of tire tread and side wall from waste tire and characterization of the resulting chars.” J. Environ. Manage. 232 (Feb): 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.091.
Weigel, S., and D. Stephan. 2017. “The prediction of bitumen properties based on FTIR and multivariate analysis methods.” Fuel 208 (Nov): 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.048.
Williams, P. T. 2013. “Pyrolysis of waste tires: A review.” Waste Manage. 33 (8): 1714–1728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.003.
Yan, K., Y. Peng, and L. You. 2020. “Use of Tung oil as a rejuvenating agent in aged asphalt: Laboratory evaluations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 239 (Apr): 117783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117783.
Yang, C., J. Zhang, F. Yang, M. Cheng, Y. Wang, S. Amirkhanian, S. Wu, M. Wei, and J. Xie. 2021. “Multi-scale performance evaluation and correlation analysis of blended asphalt and recycled asphalt mixtures incorporating high RAP content.” J. Cleaner Prod. 317 (Oct): 128278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128278.
Yang, X., Z. You, and J. Mills-Beale. 2015. “Asphalt binders blended with a high percentage of biobinders: Aging mechanism using FTIR and rheology.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (4): 04014157. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001117.
Yu, X., M. Zaumanis, S. Dos Santos, and L. D. Poulikakos. 2014. “Rheological, microscopic, and chemical characterization of the rejuvenating effect on asphalt binders.” Fuel 135 (Nov): 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.038.
Zahoor, M., S. Nizamuddin, S. Madapusi, and F. Giustozzi. 2021. “Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 278 (Jan): 123304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123304.
Zaumanis, M., R. B. Mallick, and R. Frank. 2015. “Evaluation of different recycling agents for restoring aged asphalt binder and performance of 100% recycled asphalt.” Mater. Struct. 48 (8): 2475–2488. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0332-5.
Zhang, G., F. Chen, Y. Zhang, L. Zhao, J. Chen, L. Cao, and C. Xu. 2021. “Properties and utilization of waste tire pyrolysis oil: A mini review.” Fuel Process. Technol. 211 (Jan): 106582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106582.
Zhang, G., and J. Wang. 2016. “Study on application behavior of pyrolysis char from waste tires in silicone rubber composites.” e-Polymers 16 (3): 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0285.
Zhang, H., Y. Wang, T. Yu, and Z. Liu. 2020a. “Microstructural characteristics of differently aged asphalt samples based on atomic force microscopy (AFM).” Constr. Build. Mater. 255 (Sep): 119388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119388.
Zhang, L., H. Bahia, Y. Tan, and C. Ling. 2017. “Effects of refined waste and bio-based oil modifiers on rheological properties of asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 148 (Sep): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.101.
Zhang, L., H. Bahia, Y. Tan, and C. Ling. 2018. “Mechanism of low-and intermediate-temperature performance improvement of reclaimed oil-modified asphalt.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (6): 1301–1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1307262.
Zhang, R., J. Ji, Z. You, and H. Wang. 2020b. “Modification mechanism of using waste wood–based bio-oil to modify petroleum asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (12): 04020375. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003464.
Zhang, R., Z. You, H. Wang, X. Chen, C. Si, and C. Peng. 2018. “Using bio-based rejuvenator derived from waste wood to recycle old asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.201.
Zhang, R., Z. You, H. Wang, M. Ye, Y. K. Yap, and C. Si. 2019. “The impact of bio-oil as rejuvenator for aged asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 196 (Jan): 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.168.
Zhou, F., P. Karki, S. Xie, J. S. Yuan, L. Sun, R. Lee, and R. Barborak. 2018. “Toward the development of performance-related specification for bio-rejuvenators.” Constr. Build. Mater. 174 (Jun): 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.093.
Zhu, H., G. Xu, M. Gong, and J. Yang. 2017. “Recycling long-term-aged asphalts using bio-binder/plasticizer-based rejuvenator.” Constr. Build. Mater. 147 (Aug): 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.066.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 10 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 24, 2021
Accepted: Jan 27, 2022
Published online: Jul 19, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 19, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Ankush Kumar, Rajan Choudhary, Abhinay Kumar, A Study on Aging Characteristics of Asphalt Binders Modified with Waste EPDM Rubber and Tire Pyrolysis Oil, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16240, 35, 12, (2023).
- Vatsal Dharmeshkumar Patel, Abhinay Kumar, Rishikesh Bharti, Rajan Choudhary, Ankush Kumar, Evaluation of Spectral Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15877, 35, 9, (2023).