Evaluation of Nonuniform Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Based on Two-Yoke Magnetic Sensor
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 9
Abstract
The present study aims to develop a two-yoke magnetic sensor system, measuring the mass loss of steel in concrete subjected to nonuniform corrosion. The impressed current method was employed to induce the nonuniform corrosion of steel in concrete specimens. Experiments and theoretical calculations based on the finite-element method were performed to verify the effectiveness of the two-yoke magnetic sensor. Parametric analyses were carried out to investigate the effects of distribution of rust layer, the geometry of steel bar, as well as the depth of concrete cover on the results of magnetic flux density sensed by the sensor. Results showed a good accuracy in estimating the mass loss of nonuniformly corroding steel by the change of magnetic flux density. Little influence was exhibited by varying the amount of corrosion products including the distribution of rust layer and the volume expansion ratio. It revealed the effectiveness and accuracy of the two-yoke magnetic sensor in quantitatively evaluating the corrosion degree of nonuniformly corroding steel irrespective of different distributions of rust layer. With respect to the sensitivity in structures with large concrete cover, the two-yoke magnetic sensor demonstrated a better performance than the external magnetic sensor.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research project was financially supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. LR21E080002, LZ20E080003, and LGG21E030007), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFB1600700), as well as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51978620).
References
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test. ASTM G1-03. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Balázs, G. L., É. Lublóy, and T. Földes. 2018. “Evaluation of concrete elements with X-ray computed tomography.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (9): 06018010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002389.
Cheng, Y., A. Hanif, E. Chen, G. Ma, and Z. Li. 2018. “Simulation of a novel capacitive sensor for rebar corrosion detection.” Constr. Build. Mater. 174 (Jun): 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.133.
Dong, Z., C. Fu, and A. Poursaee. 2022a. “Galvanic corrosion study between tensile-stressed and non-stressed carbon steels in simulated concrete pore solution.” Metals 12 (1): 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010098.
Dong, Z., X.-L. Gu, Z.-H. Jin, A. Poursaee, and H. Ye. 2022b. “Experimental and numerical investigations on the rate-limiting step for macrocell corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (1): 04021407. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004042.
Dong, Z., and A. Poursaee. 2020. “Corrosion behavior of coupled active and passive reinforcing steels in simulated concrete pore solution.” Constr. Build. Mater. 240 (Apr): 117955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117955.
Dong, Z., H. Torbati-Sarraf, H. Z. Hussein, and A. Poursaee. 2021. “Harmonic analysis on the effect of potential perturbations and electrodes arrangements on the electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurement of cementitious material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 273 (Mar): 121701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121701.
ElBatanouny, M. K., J. Mangual, P. H. Ziehl, and F. Matta. 2014. “Early corrosion detection in prestressed concrete girders using acoustic emission.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (3): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000845.
Elsener, B., C. Andrade, J. Gulikers, R. Polder, and M. Raupach. 2003. “Half-cell potential measurements—Potential mapping on reinforced concrete structures.” Mater. Struct. 36 (7): 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481526.
Fu, C., D. Fang, H. Ye, L. Huang, and J. Wang. 2021. “Bond degradation of non-uniformly corroded steel rebars in concrete.” Eng. Struct. 226 (Jan): 111392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111392.
Fu, C., J. Huang, Z. Dong, W. Yan, and X.-L. Gu. 2020. “Experimental and numerical study of an electromagnetic sensor for non-destructive evaluation of steel corrosion in concrete.” Sens. Actuators, A 315 (Nov): 112371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112371.
Fu, C., N. Jin, H. Ye, J. Liu, and X. Jin. 2018. “Non-uniform corrosion of steel in mortar induced by impressed current method: An experimental and numerical investigation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 183 (Sep): 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.183.
Ghosh, D., R. Kumar, A. Ganguli, and A. Mukherjee. 2020. “Nondestructive evaluation of rebar corrosion–induced damage in concrete through ultrasonic imaging.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (10): 04020294. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003398.
Gu, X.-L., Z. Dong, Q. Yuan, and W.-P. Zhang. 2020. “Corrosion of stirrups under different relative humidity conditions in concrete exposed to chloride environment.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (1): 04019329. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003001.
Hong, S., G. Shi, F. Zheng, M. Liu, D. Hou, and B. Dong. 2020. “Characterization of the corrosion profiles of reinforcement with different impressed current densities by X-ray micro-computed tomography.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 109 (May): 103583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103583.
Hornbostel, K., U. M. Angst, B. Elsener, C. K. Larsen, and M. R. Geiker. 2016. “Influence of mortar resistivity on the rate-limiting step of chloride-induced macro-cell corrosion of reinforcing steel.” Corros. Sci. 110 (Sep): 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.04.011.
Ida, N. 1994. Numerical modeling for electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation. Boston: Springer.
Ida, N. 2014. Sensors, actuators, and their interfaces—A multidisciplinary introduction. Vincentz Verlag, Germany: SciTech Publishing.
Kashani, M. M., A. J. Crewe, and N. A. Alexander. 2013. “Use of a 3D optical measurement technique for stochastic corrosion pattern analysis of reinforcing bars subjected to accelerated corrosion.” Corros. Sci. 73 (Aug): 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.03.037.
Khan, I., R. François, and A. Castel. 2014. “Prediction of reinforcement corrosion using corrosion induced cracks width in corroded reinforced concrete beams.” Cem. Concr. Res. 56 (Feb): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.006.
Li, Z., Z. Jin, Y. Gao, T. Zhao, P. Wang, and Z. Li. 2020a. “Coupled application of innovative electromagnetic sensors and digital image correlation technique to monitor corrosion process of reinforced bars in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 113 (Oct): 103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103730.
Li, Z., Z. Jin, X. Xu, T. Zhao, P. Wang, and Z. Li. 2020b. “Combined application of novel electromagnetic sensors and acoustic emission apparatus to monitor corrosion process of reinforced bars in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 245 (Jun): 118472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118472.
Li, Z., Z. Jin, T. Zhao, P. Wang, Z. Li, C. Xiong, and K. Zhang. 2019. “Use of a novel electro-magnetic apparatus to monitor corrosion of reinforced bar in concrete.” Sens. Actuators, A 286 (Feb): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.12.024.
Liu, X., W. Zhang, X. Gu, and Z. Ye. 2021. “Probability distribution model of stress impact factor for corrosion pits of high-strength prestressing wires.” Eng. Struct. 230 (Mar): 111686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111686.
Lo, C. C. H., and N. Nakagawa. 2013. “Evaluation of eddy current and magnetic techniques for inspecting rebars in bridge barrier rails.” In Vol. 1511 of Proc., AIP Conf. Proc., 1371–1377. College Park, MD: American Institute of Physics.
Malumbela, G., M. Alexander, and P. Moyo. 2011. “Model for cover cracking of RC beams due to partial surface steel corrosion.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 987–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.081.
Okojie, R. S., C. W. Chang, R. D. Meredith, R. Thomas, and G. Kopasakis. 2018. “In-line electromagnetic actuator for fuel modulation.” In Proc., 2018 Joint Propulsion Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Pan, T., and Y. Lu. 2012. “Stochastic modeling of reinforced concrete cracking due to nonuniform corrosion: FEM-based cross-scale analysis. Engineering 24 (6): 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000427.
Poursaee, A. 2011. “Corrosion measurement techniques in steel reinforced concrete.” J. ASTM Int. 8 (5): 103283. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI103283.
Qiao, D., H. Nakamura, Y. Yamamoto, and T. Miura. 2016. “Crack patterns of concrete with a single rebar subjected to non-uniform and localized corrosion.” Constr. Build. Mater. 116 (Jul): 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.149.
Qiu, J., H. Zhang, W. Zhang, and J. Zhou. 2021. “An SMFL-based non-destructive quantification method for the localized corrosion cross-sectional area of rebar.” Corros. Sci. 192 (Nov): 109793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109793.
Rumiche, F., J. E. Indacochea, and M. L. Wang. 2008. “Detection and monitoring of corrosion in structural carbon steels using electromagnetic sensors.” J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 130 (3): 031008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2931145.
Shi, J., and J. Ming. 2018. “Accelerated corrosion behavior of steel in concrete subjected to sustained flexural loading using electrochemical methods and X-ray computed tomography.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (7): 04018131. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002337.
Torbati-Sarraf, H., L. Ding, I. Khakpour, and A. Poursaee. 2021. “Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analyses of the influence of the surface nanocrystallization on the passivation of carbon steel in the pore solution.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (1): 04020419. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003523.
Torbati-Sarraf, H., and A. Poursaee. 2019. “Corrosion improvement of carbon steel in concrete environment through modification of steel microstructure.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (5): 04019042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002677.
Torbati-Sarraf, H., and A. Poursaee. 2020. “The influence of phase distribution and microstructure of the carbon steel on its chloride threshold value in a simulated concrete pore solution.” Constr. Build. Mater. 259 (Oct): 119784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119784.
Tran, K. K., H. Nakamura, K. Kawamura, and M. Kunieda. 2011. “Analysis of crack propagation due to rebar corrosion using RBSM.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (9): 906–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.06.001.
Ye, H., C. Fu, N. Jin, and X. Jin. 2018. “Performance of reinforced concrete beams corroded under sustained service loads: A comparative study of two accelerated corrosion techniques.” Constr. Build. Mater. 162 (Feb): 286–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.108.
Yuan, Y., and Y. Ji. 2009. “Modeling corroded section configuration of steel bar in concrete structure.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6): 2461–2466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.026.
Zaki, A., H. K. Chai, D. G. Aggelis, and N. Alver. 2015. “Non-destructive evaluation for corrosion monitoring in concrete: A review and capability of acoustic emission technique.” Sensors 15 (8): 19069–19101. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150819069.
Zhang, H., L. Liao, R. Zhao, J. Zhou, M. Yang, and R. Xia. 2016. “The non-destructive test of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete bridges using a micro-magnetic sensor.” Sensors 16 (9): 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091439.
Zhang, J., J. Huang, C. Fu, L. Huang, and H. Ye. 2021. “Characterization of steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete using 3D laser scanning techniques.” Constr. Build. Mater. 270 (Feb): 121402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121402.
Zhang, J., C. Liu, M. Sun, and Z. Li. 2017. “An innovative corrosion evaluation technique for reinforced concrete structures using magnetic sensors.” Constr. Build. Mater. 135 (Mar): 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.157.
Zhang, W., J. Chen, and X. Luo. 2019. “Effects of impressed current density on corrosion induced cracking of concrete cover.” Constr. Build. Mater. 204 (Apr): 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.230.
Zhang, W. P., B. Bin Zhou, X. L. Gu, and H. C. Dai. 2014. “Probability distribution model for cross-sectional area of corroded reinforcing steel bars.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (5): 822–832. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000888.
Zhao, Y., J. Yu, and W. Jin. 2011. “Damage analysis and cracking model of reinforced concrete structures with rebar corrosion.” Corros. Sci. 53 (10): 3388–3397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.06.018.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 9 • September 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 15, 2021
Accepted: Dec 29, 2021
Published online: Jun 21, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 21, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Wei Gong, Nan Wang, Haiwei Zhu, Jun Xu, Haoxia Ma, Protection and Time-Varying Characteristic of Rebar Corrosion in Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Recycled Concrete under the Simulated Salt Lake Environment, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15834, 35, 9, (2023).
- Zhi-Hao Jin, Chao Jiang, Xiang-Lin Gu, Zheng Dong, Macro-cell corrosion between crossed steel bars in cracked concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128867, 350, (128867), (2022).