Effect of Recycling Agents on the Resistance of Asphalt Binders to Cracking and Moisture Damage
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 10
Abstract
This study examined the effect of five chemically different recycling agents on the long-term performance and moisture sensitivity of modified aged asphalt binder. A control base binder was made from 35% virgin binder and 65% binder exposed to extended laboratory aging. Samples of this control base binder were modified by a recycling agent in one of five categories: paraffinic oil, aromatic extracts, naphthenic oil, triglycerides/fatty acids, and tall oil. Then these modified binders and the control base binder were evaluated under each of four different conditions: no aging, standard aging, extended aging, and severe aging. The resistance to cracking at low and mid-range temperatures was determined using a bending beam rheometer and a dynamic shear rheometer. In addition, the Wilhelmy plate test was performed on the unaged binders to estimate the binders’ resistance to moisture damage. The results indicated that the samples modified with recycling agents that contain carbonyl, hydroxyl, and sulfonyl groups did not comply with the low-temperature cracking criterion (-value) after the extended aging process. Samples modified with recycling agents containing paraffinic and naphthenic oils, which have a high saturate content, showed the weakest long-term performance, while the performance of the aromatic extract recycling agent was superior, even after the extended aging process. The Wilhelmy plate test showed that recycling agents based on triglycerides/fatty acids or tall oil decreased both the cohesive and adhesive strengths of the samples more than other recycling agents, which might be related to the presence of a hydroxyl group in their structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all of the data used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
This research study was funded by the Nebraska DOT and performed under Award No. SPR-P1(20) M116.
References
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bhasin, A., and D. N. Little. 2007. “Characterization of aggregate surface energy using the universal sorption device.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 19 (8): 634–641. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:8(634).
Bhasin, A., D. N. Little, K. L. Vasconcelos, and E. Masad. 2007. “Surface free energy to identify moisture sensitivity of materials for asphalt mixes.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2001 (1): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.3141/2001-05.
Bowers, B. F., B. Huang, and X. Shu. 2014. “Refining laboratory procedure for artificial RAP: A comparative study.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (Feb): 385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.003.
Cooper, S. B., Jr., L. N. Mohammad, and M. A. Elseifi. 2017. “Laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures containing recycled asphalt shingles and re-refined engine oil bottoms.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (9): 04017106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001904.
Ghabchi, R., D. Singh, and M. Zaman. 2014. “Evaluation of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes containing RAP and different types of aggregates and asphalt binders using the surface free energy method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (Dec): 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.042.
Glover, C. J., R. R. Davison, C. H. Domke, Y. Ruan, P. Juristyarini, D. B. Knorr, and S. H. Jung. 2005. Development of a new method for assessing asphalt binder durability with field validation. Austin, TX: Texas DOT.
Haghshenas, H., Y. R. Kim, S. R. Kommidi, D. Nguyen, D. F. Haghshenas, and M. D. Morton. 2018a. “Evaluation of long-term effects of rejuvenation on reclaimed binder properties based on chemical-rheological tests and analyses.” Mater. Struct. 51 (5): 134. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1262-4.
Haghshenas, H., Y. R. Kim, M. D. Morton, T. Smith, M. Khedmati, and D. Haghshenas. 2018b. “Effect of softening additives on the moisture susceptibility of recycled bituminous materials using chemical-mechanical-imaging methods.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (9): 04018207. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002405.
Haghshenas, H., H. Nabizadeh, Y.-R. Kim, and K. Santosh. 2016a. Research on high-RAP asphalt mixtures with rejuvenators and WMA additives. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Haghshenas, H., H. Nabizadeh, and Y.-R. Kim. 2016b. “The effect of rejuvenators on RAP mixtures: A study based on multiple scale laboratory test results.” In Geo-Chicago 2016, 697–707. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Haghshenas, H. F., E. Fini, R. Rea, and A. Khodaii. 2021. “Increasing the efficacy of recycling agents with simultaneous addition of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate as an antioxidant.” Constr. Build. Mater. 271 (October): 121892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121892.
Haghshenas, H. F., R. Rea, and D. F. Haghshenas. 2019. “Aging resistance of asphalt binders through the use of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate.” Pet. Sci. Technol. 37 (22): 2275–2282. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2019.1633348.
Haghshenas, H. F., R. Rea, G. Reinke, and D. F. Haghshenas. 2020. “Chemical characterization of recycling agents.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (5): 06020005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003167.
Haghshenas, H. F. N., G. Nsengiyumva, Y. R. Kim, K. Santosh, and S. Amelian. 2019. Research on high-RAP asphalt mixtures with rejuvenators—Phase II.
Hesp, S. A., and H. F. Shurvell. 2010. “X-ray fluorescence detection of waste engine oil residue in asphalt and its effect on cracking in service.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 11 (6): 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2010.488729.
Ji, J., H. Yao, Z. Suo, Z. You, H. Li, S. Xu, and L. Sun. 2016. “Effectiveness of vegetable oils as rejuvenators for aged asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (3): D4016003. https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0001769.
Johnson, K.-A. N., and S. A. Hesp. 2014. “Effect of waste engine oil residue on quality and durability of SHRP materials reference library binders.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2444 (1): 102–109. https://doi.org/10.3141/2444-12.
Kakar, M. R., M. O. Hamzah, M. N. Akhtar, and J. M. Saleh. 2019. “Evaluating the surface free energy and moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt binders using dynamic contact angle.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019 (Mar): 1–15.
Kaseer, F., A. E. Martin, and E. Arámbula-Mercado. 2019. “Use of recycling agents in asphalt mixtures with high recycled materials contents in the United States: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (June): 974–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.286.
Kim, Y.-R., and J. S. Lutif. 2006. Material selection and design consideration for moisture damage of asphalt pavement. Lincoln, NE: Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Lytton, R. L., E. A. Masad, C. Zollinger, R. Bulut, and D. N. Little. 2005. Measurements of surface energy and its relationship to moisture damage. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Marasteanu, M. O., and A. Basu. 2004. “Stiffness m-value and the low temperature relaxation properties of asphalt binders.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 5 (1): 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2004.9689966.
Mogawer, W. S., A. Austerman, R. Roque, S. Underwood, L. Mohammad, and J. Zou. 2015. “Ageing and rejuvenators: Evaluating their impact on high RAP mixtures fatigue cracking characteristics using advanced mechanistic models and testing methods.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 16 (2): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1076996.
Mogawer, W. S., A. Booshehrian, S. Vahidi, and A. J. Austerman. 2013. “Evaluating the effect of rejuvenators on the degree of blending and performance of high RAP, RAS, and RAP/RAS mixtures.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (2): 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.812836.
Nazzal, M. D., W. Mogawer, A. Austerman, L. A. Qtaish, and S. Kaya. 2015. “Multi-scale evaluation of the effect of rejuvenators on the performance of high RAP content mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.029.
NCAT (National Center for Asphalt Technology). 2014. Researchers explore multiple uses of rejuvenators. Auburn, AL: NCAT.
Nsengiyumva, G., H. F. Haghshenas, Y.-R. Kim, and S. R. Kommidi. 2020. “Mechanical-chemical characterization of the effects of type, dosage, and treatment methods of rejuvenators in aged bituminous materials.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2674 (3): 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120909110.
Oldham, D., A. Hung, M. M. Parast, and E. H. Fini. 2018. “Investigating bitumen rejuvenation mechanisms using a coupled rheometry-morphology characterization approach.” Constr. Build. Mater. 159 (Jan): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.113.
Reddy, K. S., S. Umakanthan, and J. M. Krishnan. 2012. “Constant strain rate experiments and constitutive modeling for a class of bitumen.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 16 (3): 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-011-9155-8.
Rowe, G. 2011. “Evaluation of the relationship between asphalt binder properties and non-load related cracking.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 80 (1): 649–662.
Singh, D., C. Yenare, and B. Showkat. 2020. “Rheological and chemical characteristics of asphalt binder modified with groundnut shell bio-oil.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 9 (1): 311–339.
Tran, N. H., A. Taylor, and R. Willis. 2012. Effect of rejuvenator on performance properties of HMA mixtures with high RAP and RAS contents. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Zadshir, M., S. Hosseinnezhad, and E. H. Fini. 2019. “Deagglomeration of oxidized asphaltenes as a measure of true rejuvenation for severely aged asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 209 (Jun): 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.090.
Zaumanis, M., R. B. Mallick, L. Poulikakos, and R. Frank. 2014. “Influence of six rejuvenators on the performance properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder and 100% recycled asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 71 (Nov): 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.073.
Zhou, Z., X. Gu, Q. Dong, F. Ni, and Y. Jiang. 2019. “Rutting and fatigue cracking performance of SBS-RAP blended binders with a rejuvenator.” Constr. Build. Mater. 203 (Apr): 294–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.119.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 10 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 28, 2020
Accepted: Mar 8, 2021
Published online: Jul 31, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Dec 31, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Elizabeth Langa, Giovanna Buonocore, Antonino Squillace, Herminio Muiambo, Effect of Vegetable Oil on the Properties of Asphalt Binder Modified with High Density Polyethylene, Polymers, 10.3390/polym15030749, 15, 3, (749), (2023).
- Yongning Wang, Bo Li, Dongna Li, Dingbang Wei, Chongzhi Tu, Xiaoyu Ren, Yongbin Zhang, Effects of Oxygen Isolation and Light–Oxygen Coupling Ultraviolet Aging on Adhesion, Micromorphology, and Functional Groups of Warm-Mix Asphalt, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15840, 35, 9, (2023).
- Zihao Ju, Dongdong Ge, Songtao Lv, Yuanbo Li, Guopeng Fan, Yanhua Xue, Polyphosphoric Acid Modified Soybean Oil Bioasphalt: Rheological Properties and Modification Mechanism, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15742, 35, 12, (2023).
- Zhanchuang Han, Dongyu Jiang, Liping Liu, Lijun Sun, Low-Temperature Performance Improvement Measures for Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture: A Comparative Study, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004720, 35, 6, (2023).
- Hassan Ziari, Mojtaba Hajiloo, The effect of mix design method on performance of asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycling agents: Superpave versus balanced mix design, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01931, 18, (e01931), (2023).
- Afshar A. Yousefi, Hamzeh F. Haghshenas, Benjamin Shane Underwood, John Harvey, Phillip Blankenship, Performance of warm asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement, an anti-stripping agent, and recycling agents: A study using a balanced mix design approach, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129633, 363, (129633), (2023).
- Hassan Ziari, Mojtaba Hajiloo, Pooyan Ayar, Influence of Recycling Agents Addition Methods on Asphalt Mixtures Properties Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Sustainability, 10.3390/su142416717, 14, 24, (16717), (2022).
- Arsalan Raza, Imran Khan, Rana Faisal Tufail, Jana Frankovska, Muhammad Umar Mushtaq, Abdellatif Salmi, Youssef Ahmed Awad, Muhammad Faisal Javed, Evaluation of Moisture Damage Potential in Hot Mix Asphalt Using Polymeric Aggregate Treatment, Materials, 10.3390/ma15155437, 15, 15, (5437), (2022).
- Eman M. El-labbad, Usama Heneash, Sherif M. El-Badawy, Investigation of Waste Electrical Power Plant Oil as a Rejuvenating Agent for Reclaimed Asphalt Binders and Mixtures, Materials, 10.3390/ma15144811, 15, 14, (4811), (2022).
- Rongyan Tian, Haoyuan Luo, Xiaoming Huang, Yangzezhi Zheng, Leyi Zhu, Fengyang Liu, Correlation Analysis between Mechanical Properties and Fractions Composition of Oil-Rejuvenated Asphalt, Materials, 10.3390/ma15051889, 15, 5, (1889), (2022).
- See more