Corrosion Performance of Steel Reinforcement in Self-Compacting Concrete Exposed to Combined Sodium Chloride-Magnesium Sulfate Exposure Solution
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 10
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of binder type, w/b ratio, and exposure solution on the corrosion performance of steel reinforcement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Prismatic specimens made from SCC were subjected to combined chloride-sulfate exposure solutions and chloride solution for an exposure duration of 690 days. Variations in total and free chloride concentrations and changes in the microstructure of concrete in the vicinity of steel reinforcement in SCC mixes were examined through X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analyses. Results showed that OPC (ordinary Portland cement)-based SCC mixes exhibited lower corrosion current density than PPC (Portland pozzolana cement)- and OFA20 ( fly ash)-based SCC mixes during the early exposure period with opposite variation observed during a later exposure period. Corrosion current density in SCC mixes exposed to solutions correspond to negligible to low corrosion levels, which may be due to the pore filling effect of magnesium hydroxide and ettringite formed in SCC mixes exposed to solutions that decreased the penetration of chloride ions to the rebar level. Further, the rate of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in the SCC specimens exposed to NaCl solution was more than that in the SCC specimens exposed to solution for all the binders.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data that support the outcomes of this research work are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
Department of Science and Technology, Government of India funded the corrosion instrument used in this research work under a sponsored project.
References
Adekunle, S., S. Ahmad, M. Maslehuddin, and H. J. Al-Gahtani. 2015. “Properties of SCC prepared using natural pozzolana and industrial wastes as mineral fillers.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 62 (Sep): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.06.001.
Ahmad, S., S. K. Adekunle, M. Maslehuddin, and A. K. Azad. 2014. “Properties of self-consolidating concrete made utilizing alternative mineral fillers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.096.
Andrade, P. C., C. Alonso, R. Polder, R. Cigna, Ø. Vennesland, M. Salta, A. Raharinaivo, and B. Elsener. 2004. “Test methods for on-site corrosion rate measurement of steel reinforcement in concrete by means of the polarization resistance method.” Mater. Struct. 37 (9): 623–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02483292.
Assié, S., G. Escadeillas, and V. Waller. 2007. “Estimates of self-compacting concrete ‘potential’ durability.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (10): 1909–1917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.034.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete. ASTM C876. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Aye, T., and C. T. Oguchi. 2011. “Resistance of plain and blended cement mortars exposed to severe sulfate attacks.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (6): 2988–2996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.106.
Behfarnia, K., and O. Farshadfar. 2013. “The effects of pozzolanic binders and polypropylene fibers on durability of SCC to magnesium sulfate attack.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.035.
Benli, A., M. Karataş, and E. Gurses. 2017. “Effect of sea water and MgSO4 solution on the mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting mortars with fly ash/silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater. 146 (Aug): 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.108.
Dehwah, H. A. F. 2007. “Effect of sulfate concentration and associated cation type on concrete deterioration and morphological changes in cement hydrates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.010.
Dehwah, H. A. F. 2012a. “Corrosion resistance of self-compacting concrete incorporating quarry dust powder, silica fume and fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.078.
Dehwah, H. A. F. 2012b. “Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating quarry dust powder, silica fume or fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 547–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.056.
Dehwah, H. A. F., M. Maslehuddin, and S. A. Austin. 2002. “Long-term effect of sulfate ions and associated cation type on chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in Portland concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 24 (1): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00023-3.
De Weerdt, K., H. Justnes, and M. R. Geiker. 2014. “Changes in the phase assemblage of concrete exposed to sea water.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 47 (Mar): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.015.
EFNARC (European Federation of National Trade Associations). 2005. The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete. Specification, production and use. Brussels, Belgium: EFNARC.
El-Dieb, A. S. 2009. “Mechanical, durability and microstructural characteristics of ultra-high-strength self-compacting concrete incorporating steel fibers.” Mater. Des. 30 (10): 4286–4292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.04.024.
Hassan, A., H. B. Mahmud, M. Z. Jumaat, B. ALsubari, and A. Abdulla. 2013. “Effect of magnesium sulphate on self-compacting concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials.” In Advances in materials science and engineering, 2013. London: Hindawi. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/232371.
Hassan, A. A. A., K. M. A. Hossain, and M. Lachemi. 2009. “Corrosion resistance of self-consolidating concrete in full-scale reinforced beams.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (1): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.10.005.
Hemalatha, T., A. Ramaswamy, and J. M. C. Kishen. 2015. “Simplified mixture design for production of self-consolidating concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 112 (2): 277–286. https://doi.org/10.14359/51687102.
Hendi, A., A. Behravan, D. Mostofinejad, H. Akhavan, and A. Sedaghatdoost. 2020. “Performance of two types of concrete containing waste silica sources under MgSO4 attack evaluated by durability index.” Constr. Build. Mater. 241 (Apr): 118140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118140.
Jain, S., and B. Pradhan. 2019a. “Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in chloride admixed self-compacting concrete subjected to different exposure conditions.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 9 (1): 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20200021.
Jain, S., and B. Pradhan. 2019b. “Effect of cement type on hydration, microstructure and thermo- gravimetric behaviour of chloride admixed self-compacting concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 212 (Jul): 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.001.
Jain, S., and B. Pradhan. 2020. “Fresh, mechanical, and corrosion performance of self-compacting concrete in the presence of chloride ions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 247 (Jun): 118517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118517.
Liu, P. C. 1991. “Damage to concrete structures in a marine environment.” Mater. Struct. 24 (4): 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472086.
Liu, Z., W. Hu, L. Hou, and D. Deng. 2018. “Effect of carbonation on physical sulfate attack on concrete by Na2SO4.” Constr. Build. Mater. 193 (Dec): 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.191.
Maes, M., and N. De Belie. 2014. “Resistance of concrete and mortar against combined attack of chloride and sodium sulphate.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 53 (Oct): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.06.013.
Neville, A. M., and J. J. Brooks. 2004. Concrete technology. Delhi, India: Pearson Education.
Pillai, R. G., R. Gettu, M. Santhanam, S. Rengaraju, Y. Dhandapani, S. Rathnarajan, and A. S. Basavaraj. 2019. “Service life and life cycle assessment of reinforced concrete systems with limestone calcined clay cement (LC3).” Cem. Concr. Res. 118 (Apr): 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.019.
Pruckner, F., and O. E. Gjørv. 2004. “Effect of CaCl2 and NaCl additions on concrete corrosivity.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (7): 1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.015.
Sabet, F. A., N. A. Libre, and M. Shekarchi. 2013. “Mechanical and durability properties of self-consolidating high performance concrete incorporating natural zeolite, silica fume and fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44 (Jul): 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.069.
Samimi, K., and A. A. S. Javid. 2021. “Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) attack and chloride isothermal effects on the self-consolidating concrete containing metakaolin and zeolite.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 45 (1): 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00398-6.
Schutter, G. D., P. J. M. Bartos, P. Domne, and J. Gibbs. 2008. Self-compacting concrete. Scotland, UK: Whittles Publishing.
Shaheen, F., and B. Pradhan. 2017. “Influence of sulfate ion and associated cation type on steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete powder aqueous solution in the presence of chloride ions.” Cem. Concr. Res. 91 (Jan): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.10.008.
Siad, H., M. Lachemi, S. K. Bernard, M. Sahmaran, and A. Hossain. 2015. “Assessment of the long-term performance of SCC incorporating different mineral admixtures in a magnesium sulphate environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 80 (Apr): 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.067.
Siddique, R. 2011. “Properties of self-compacting concrete containing class F fly ash.” Mater. Des. 32 (3): 1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.043.
Sideris, K. K., and N. S. Anagnostopoulos. 2013. “Durability of normal strength self-compacting concretes and their impact on service life of reinforced concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.042.
Uysal, M., and M. Sumer. 2011. “Performance of self-compacting concrete containing different mineral admixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (11): 4112–4120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.032.
Xu, J., C. Zhang, L. Jiang, L. Tang, G. Gao, and Y. Xu. 2013. “Releases of bound chlorides from chloride-admixed plain and blended cement pastes subjected to sulfate attacks.” Constr. Build. Mater. 45 (Aug): 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.068.
Yang, Z., J. Jiang, X. Jiang, S. Mu, M. Wu, S. Sui, and L. Wang. 2019. “The influence of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate on the stability of bound chlorides in cement paste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 228 (Dec): 116775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116775.
Yildirim, K., and M. Sümer. 2013. “Effects of sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate concentration on the durability of cement mortar with and without fly ash.” Composites, Part B 52 (Sep): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.040.
Zhou, Y., B. Gencturk, K. Willam, and A. Attar. 2015. “Carbonation-induced and chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (9): 04014245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001209.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 10 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 26, 2020
Accepted: Mar 1, 2021
Published online: Jul 20, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Dec 20, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.