Technical Papers
Nov 30, 2020

Dynamic Characterization of Tire Derived Aggregates

Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 2

Abstract

Despite the recent efforts in characterizing and investigating the dynamic properties of tire-derived aggregates (TDA) and its use in civil engineering applications, the size of TDA used in most of the previous work was significantly smaller than the TDA size range mentioned in ASTM D6270 standards. There are two types of TDA, Type A and Type B, in which the maximum aggregate size of Types A and B are 200 and 450 mm, respectively. Thus, the availability of experimental data and shear modulus reduction curves for the dynamic behavior of TDA of larger sizes are deemed necessary for practical engineers to assess and investigate the behavior of such material under dynamic loads. This paper provides the results of large-scale undrained cyclic triaxial tests performed on Type A TDA at large strain amplitudes. The tests were performed under confining pressures ranging from 25 to 200 kPa and shear strain levels ranging from 0.1% to 10%. Furthermore, each test consisted of successive stages in which the number of cycles and axial strain levels varied. The shear modulus of Type A TDA has a range of 245–1,796 kPa, with a decreasing trend with increasing shear strain amplitudes. Furthermore, the dampening ratios were found to range from 11% to 23.5%. Finally, the shear modulus reduction curves were obtained through curve fitting techniques and nonlinear regression.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

References

Ahn, I. S., L. Cheng, P. J. Fox, J. Wright, S. Patenaude, and B. Fujii. 2015. “Material properties of large-size tire derived aggregate for civil engineering applications.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (9): 04014258. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001225.
Ashari, M., H. El Naggar, Y. Martins. 2017. “Evaluation of the physical properties of TDA-sand mixtures.” In GeoOttawa 2017, the 70th Canadian Geotechnical Conf. Ottawa: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test methods for the determination of the modulus and damping properties of soils using the cyclic triaxial apparatus. ASTM D3999. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications. ASTM D6270. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. ASTM C136/C136M-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Chen, G., Z. Zhou, T. Sun, Q. Wu, L. Xu, S. Khoshnevisan, and D. Ling. 2019. “Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand–gravel mixtures over a wide strain range.” J. Earthquake Eng. 23 (8): 1407–1440. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1387200.
Duncan, J. M., and C.-Y. Chang. 1970. “Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 96 (5): 1629–1653.
El Naggar, H., P. Soleimani, and A. Fakhroo. 2016. “Strength and stiffness properties of green lightweight fill mixtures.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 34 (3): 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0010-1.
Feng, Z. Y., and K. G. Sutter. 2000. “Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures.” Geotech. Test. J. 23 (3): 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11055J.
Gromysz, K., and M. Kowalska. 2017. “Reduction of vibrations applied on structures-results of chamber tests with the use of tire derived aggregate.” Procedia Eng. 193: 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.218.
Hafez, D., A. Turan, and H. El Naggar. 2013. “Static and seismic behavior of culverts constructed with TDA inclusion.” In Proc., GeoMontreal 2013, 66th Canadian Geotechnical Conf. Montréal: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Hazarika, H., M. Hyodo, and K. Yasuhara. 2010. “Investigation of tire chips-sand mixtures as preventive measure against liquefaction.” In Proc., GeoShanghai Int. Conf., 338–345. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Humphrey, D. N., and R. A. Eaton. 1995. “Field performance of tire chips as subgrade insulation for rural roads.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Low-Volume Roads, 77–86. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Humphrey, D. N., T. C. Sandford, M. M. Cribbs, and W. P. Manion. 1993. “Shear strength and compressibility of tire chips for use as retaining wall backfill.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1422 (1): 29–35.
Jafari, F. 2016. “Beneficial use of recycled scrap tire shreds to isolate ground-borne vibrations.” Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers Univ.-Graduate School-New Brunswick.
Jia, J. 2018. Soil dynamics and foundation modeling. New York: Springer.
Kaneko, T., R. Orense, M. Hyodo, and N. Yoshimoto. 2013. “Seismic response characteristics of saturated sand deposits mixed with tire chips.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (4): 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000752.
Kondner, R. L.and J. S. Zelasko. 1963. “A hyperbolic stress-strain formulation for sands.” In Proc., 2nd Pan-American Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 289–324. São Paulo, Brazil: Associação Brasileira de Mecânica dos Solos.
Lee, C., Q. H. Truong, W. Lee, and J. S. Lee. 2010. “Characteristics of rubber-sand particle mixtures according to size ratio.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (4): 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000027.
Lee, J. H., R. Salgado, C. W. Lovell, and A. Bernal. 1999. “Shredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (2): 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:2(132).
Madhusudhan, B. R., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2017. “Static and large-strain dynamic properties of sand-rubber tire shred mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (10): 04017165. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002016.
Mahgoub, A., H. El Naggar. 2019a. “Using TDA as an engineered stress-reduction fill over preexisting buried pipes.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 10 (1): 04018034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000362.
Mahgoub, A., and H. El Naggar. 2019b. “Using TDA underneath shallow foundations: Simplified design procedure.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1690415.
Mahgoub, A., and H. El Naggar. 2020a. “Coupled TDA—Geocell stress-bridging system for buried corrugated metal pipes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (7): 04020052. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002279.
Mahgoub, A., and H. El Naggar. 2020b. “Innovative application of tire-derived aggregate around corrugated steel plate culverts.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 11 (3): 04020025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000466.
Mahgoub, A., and H. El Naggar. 2020c. “Using TDA underneath shallow foundations: Field tests and numerical modeling.” J. Comput. Geotech. 126: 103761.
Masad, E., R. Taha, C. Ho, and T. Papagiannakis. 1996. “Engineering properties of tire/soil mixtures as a lightweight fill material.” Geotech. Test. J. 19 (3): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10355J.
McCartney, J. S., I. Ghaaowd, P. J. Fox, M. J. Sanders, S. S. Thielmann, and A. C. Sander. 2017. “Shearing behavior of tire-derived aggregate with large particle size. II: Cyclic simple shear.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (10): 04017079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001781.
Meles, D., D. Chan, Y. Yi, and A. Bayat. 2016. “Finite-element analysis of highway embankment made from tire-derived aggregate.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001371.
Mills, B., H. El Naggar, and A. Valsangkar. 2015. “Use of tire derived aggregate in highway embankment construction: North American overview and a Canadian perspective.” In Ground improvement: Case histories and new directions, 635–655. New York: Elsevier.
Mills, B., and J. McGinn. 2010. “Design, construction, and performance of a highway embankment failure repaired with tire-derived aggregate.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2170 (1): 90–99. https://doi.org/10.3141/2170-11.
Rollins, K. M., M. Evans, N. Diehl, and W. Daily. 1998. “Shear modulus and damping relationships for gravels.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (5): 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:5(396).
Sarajpoor, S., A. Kavand, P. Zogh, and A. Ghalandarzadeh. 2020. “Dynamic behavior of sand-rubber mixtures based on hollow cylinder tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 251 (Aug): 118948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118948.
Seed, H. B., R. T. Wong, I. M. Idriss, and K. Tokimatsu. 1986. “Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils.” J. Geotech. Eng. 112 (11): 1016–1032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:11(1016).
Sparkes, J., H. El Naggar, and A. Valsangkar. 2019. “Compressibility and shear strength properties of tire-derived aggregate mixed with lightweight aggregate.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 10 (1): 04018031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000354.
Yang, Z., J. Yuan, J. Liu, and B. Han. 2017. “Shear modulus degradation curves of gravelly and clayey soils based on KiK-Net in situ seismic observations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (9): 06017008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001738.
Youwai, S., and D. T. Bergado. 2003. “Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire: Sand mixtures.” Can. Geotech. J. 40 (2): 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-104.
Zahran, K., and H. El Naggar. 2020. “Effect of sample size on TDA shear strength parameters in direct shear tests.” Transp. Res. Rec. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120934482.
Zornberg, J. G., A. R. Cabral, and C. Viratjandr. 2004. “Behaviour of tire shred: Sand mixtures.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (2): 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-086.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33Issue 2February 2021

History

Received: Jan 5, 2020
Accepted: Jul 27, 2020
Published online: Nov 30, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 30, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Ahmed Moussa, S.M.ASCE
Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2.
Hany El Naggar, Ph.D., P.Eng., M.ASCE https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-1045 [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2 (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-1045. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share