Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Effects of Antistripping Additives
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 2
Abstract
The intrusion of moisture into asphalt pavements affects the cohesion and adhesion properties, which in turn, can lead to several durability- and integrity-related problems, such as potholes and stripping, as well as several types of other distresses, such as fatigue cracking and rutting. The use of antistripping additives is one of the most commonly used techniques to enhance the resistance of asphalt pavements to moisture damage. In this research, the effects of five different types of antistripping additives (i.e., Zycotherm, WETMUL-950, GRIPPER L, Evonik, and TeraGrip) on the moisture resistance of asphalt pavements were evaluated and compared with each other. For this purpose, two series of experimental methods were used: (1) the surface free energy (SFE) to evaluate the adhesion and cohesion properties of the asphalt binders and aggregates, and (2) the indirect tensile stress (ITS) and resilient modulus tests to investigate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. The results of the laboratory evaluation showed that all the additives used in this study improved the adhesion and cohesion properties and increased the resistance of the asphalt mixtures to moisture susceptibility. The asphalt mixtures containing Zycotherm and WETMUL-950 showed the highest resistance to moisture damage among all the additives studied in this research.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
AASHTO. 2017a. Standard method of test for plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand equivalent test. AASHTO T 176. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017b. Standard specification for superpave volumetric mix design. AASHTO M 323. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2018. Standard method of test for resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures to moisture-induced damage. AASHTO T 283. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Alvarez, A. E., E. Ovalles, and A. Epps Martin. 2012. “Comparison of asphalt rubber-aggregate and polymer modified asphalt—Aggregate systems in terms of surface free energy and energy indices.” Constr. Build. Mater. 35 (Oct): 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.029.
Ameri, M., and A. Behnood. 2012. “Laboratory studies to investigate the properties of CIR mixes containing steel slag as a substitute for virgin aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.047.
Ameri, M., S. Kouchaki, and H. Roshani. 2013. “Laboratory evaluation of the effect of nano-organosilane anti-stripping additive on the moisture susceptibility of HMA mixtures under freeze-thaw cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.030.
ASTM. 1995. Standard test method for indirect tension test for resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures. ASTM D4123. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for determining the percentage of fractured particles in coarse aggregate. ASTM D5821. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015a. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM C127. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015b. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of fine aggregate. ASTM C128. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for resistance to degradation of large-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine. ASTM C535. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for ductility of asphalt materials. ASTM D113. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018a. Standard test method for density of semi-solid asphalt binder (pycnometer method). ASTM D70-18a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018b. Standard test method for flash and fire points by cleveland open cup tester. ASTM D92. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018c. Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of asphalts. ASTM D2170/2170M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5/D5M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus). ASTM D36/D36M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Behnood, A. 2020. “A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies: Effects on thermo-mechanical and rheological properties.” J. Cleaner Prod. 259 (Jun): 120817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120817.
Behnood, A., and M. Ameri. 2012. “Experimental investigation of stone matrix asphalt mixtures containing steel slag.” Sci. Iranica 19 (5): 1214–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2012.07.007.
Behnood, A., and M. Modiri Gharehveran. 2019. “Morphology, rheology, and physical properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders.” Eur. Polym. J. 112 (Mar): 766–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.049.
Behnood, A., M. Modiri Gharehveran, F. Gozali Asl, and M. Ameri. 2015. “Effects of copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate on the properties of CIR mixes with bitumen emulsion, rice husk ash, Portland cement and fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 96 (Oct): 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.021.
Behnood, A., and J. Olek. 2017a. “Rheological properties of asphalt binders modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), ground tire rubber (GTR), or polyphosphoric acid (PPA).” Constr. Build. Mater. 151 (Oct): 464–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.115.
Behnood, A., and J. Olek. 2017b. “Stress-dependent behavior and rutting resistance of modified asphalt binders: An MSCR approach.” Constr. Build. Mater. 157 (Dec): 635–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.138.
Bhasin, A., and D. N. Little. 2007. “Characterization of aggregate surface energy using the universal sorption device.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 19 (8): 634–641. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:8(634).
Bhasin, A., D. N. Little, K. L. Vasconcelos, and E. Masad. 2007. “Surface free energy to identify moisture sensitivity of materials for asphalt mixes.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2001 (1): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.3141/2001-05.
Bhasin, A., E. Masad, D. Little, and R. Lytton. 2006. “Limits on adhesive bond energy for improved resistance of hot-mix asphalt to moisture damage.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1970 (1): 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198106197000101.
Ghabchi, R., D. Singh, and M. Zaman. 2014. “Evaluation of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes containing RAP and different types of aggregates and asphalt binders using the surface free energy method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (Dec): 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.042.
Gorkem, C., and B. Sengoz. 2009. “Predicting stripping and moisture induced damage of asphalt concrete prepared with polymer modified bitumen and hydrated lime.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6): 2227–2236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.12.001.
Guo, F., J. Pei, J. Zhang, B. Xue, G. Sun, and R. Li. 2020. “Study on the adhesion property between asphalt binder and aggregate: A state-of-the-art review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 256 (Sep): 119474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119474.
Haghshenas, H. F., A. Khodaii, and M. Saleh. 2015. “Long term effectiveness of anti-stripping agents.” Constr. Build. Mater. 76 (Feb): 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.060.
Haghshenas, H. F., Y. Kim, M. D. Morton, T. Smith, M. Khedmati, and D. F. Haghshenas. 2018. “Effect of softening additives on the moisture susceptibility of recycled bituminous materials using chemical-mechanical-imaging methods.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (9): 04018207. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002405.
Hassanpour-Kasanagh, S., P. Ahmedzade, A. M. Fainleib, and A. Behnood. 2020. “Rheological properties of asphalt binders modified with recycled materials: A comparison with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS).” Constr. Build. Mater. 230 (Jan): 117047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117047.
Heinicke, J. J., and T. S. Vinson. 1988. “Effect of test condition parameters on IRMr.” J. Transp. Eng. 114 (2): 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1988)114:2(153).
Hossain, Z., B. Bairgi, and M. Belshe. 2015. “Investigation of moisture damage resistance of GTR-modified asphalt binder by static contact angle measurements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (Oct): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.032.
Jiménez del Barco Carrión, A., J. S. Carvajal-Muñoz, D. Lo Presti, and G. Airey. 2019. “Intrinsic adhesive and cohesive assessment of the moisture sensitivity of bio-rejuvenated recycled asphalt binders.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 20 (S1): S347–S364. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1588778.
Kakar, M. R., M. O. Hamzah, M. N. Akhtar, and D. Woodward. 2016. “Surface free energy and moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt binders modified with surfactant-based chemical additive.” J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (Part 4): 2342–2353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.101.
Kakar, M. R., M. O. Hamzah, and J. Valentin. 2015. “A review on moisture damages of hot and warm mix asphalt and related investigations.” J. Cleaner Prod. 99 (Jul): 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.028.
Kalantar, Z. N., M. R. Karim, and A. Mahrez. 2012. “A review of using waste and virgin polymer in pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 33 (Aug): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.01.009.
Kanitpong, K., and H. Bahia. 2005. “Relating adhesion and cohesion of asphalts to the effect of moisture on laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1901 (1): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190100105.
Kataware, A. V., and D. Singh. 2018. “Effects of wax-based, chemical-based, and water-based warm-mix additives on mechanical performance of asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018237. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002441.
Khani Sanij, H., P. Afkhamy Meybodi, M. Amiri Hormozaky, S. H. Hosseini, and M. Olazar. 2019. “Evaluation of performance and moisture sensitivity of glass-containing warm mix asphalt modified with zycothermTM as an anti-stripping additive.” Constr. Build. Mater. 197 (Feb): 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.190.
Khodaii, A., H. Kazemi Tehrani, and H. F. Haghshenas. 2012. “Hydrated lime effect on moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.073.
Kok, B. V., and M. Yilmaz. 2009. “The effects of using lime and styrene–butadiene–styrene on moisture sensitivity resistance of hot mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (5): 1999–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.019.
Little, D. N., and A. Bhasin. 2007. National academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine. Final Report for NCHRP RRD 316: Using surface energy measurements to select materials for asphalt pavement. Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
Little, D. N., and D. R. Jones IV. 2003. “Chemical and mechanical processes of moisture damage in hot-mix asphalt pavements.” In Moisture sensitivity of asphalt pavements: A national seminar, 37–70. San Diego, CA: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
Malladi, H., D. Ayyala, A. A. Tayebali, and N. P. Khosla. 2015. “Laboratory evaluation of warm-mix asphalt mixtures for moisture and rutting susceptibility.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (5): 04014162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001121.
Mansourkhaki, A., and A. Aghasi. 2019. “Performance of rubberized asphalt containing liquid nanomaterial anti-strip agent.” Constr. Build. Mater. 214 (Jul): 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.071.
Miknis, F. P., A. T. Pauli, A. Beemer, and B. Wilde. 2005. “Use of NMR imaging to measure interfacial properties of asphalts.” Fuel 84 (9): 1041–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.12.019.
Mirzababaei, P. 2016. “Effect of zycotherm on moisture susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt mixtures prepared with different aggregate types and gradations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 116 (Jul): 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.143.
Nakhaei, M., K. Naderi, A. Akbari, and D. H. Timm. 2018. “Moisture resistance study on PE-wax and EBS-wax modified warm mix asphalt using chemical and mechanical procedures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 882–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.216.
Park, D.-W., W.-J. Seo, J. Kim, and H. V. Vo. 2017. “Evaluation of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture using liquid anti-stripping agents.” Constr. Build. Mater. 144 (Jul): 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.214.
Polacco, G., S. Filippi, F. Merusi, and G. Stastna. 2015. “A review of the fundamentals of polymer-modified asphalts: Asphalt/polymer interactions and principles of compatibility.” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 224 (Oct): 72–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.010.
Saltan, M., S. Terzi, and S. Karahancer. 2017. “Examination of hot mix asphalt and binder performance modified with nano silica.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 976–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.069.
Saltan, M., S. Terzi, and S. Karahancer. 2018. “Performance analysis of nano modified bitumen and hot mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 173 (Jun): 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.014.
Shafabakhsh, G. H., M. Faramarzi, and M. Sadeghnejad. 2015. “Use of surface free energy method to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of sulfur extended asphalts modified with antistripping agents.” Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (Nov): 456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.123.
Singh, D., A. Habal, P. K. Ashish, and A. Kataware. 2018. “Evaluating suitability of energy efficient and anti-stripping additives for polymer and polyphosphoric acid modified asphalt binder using surface free energy approach.” Constr. Build. Mater. 158 (Jan): 949–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.079.
Singh, D., and V. Mishra. 2018. “Different methods of selecting probe liquids to measure the surface free energy of asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 175 (Jun): 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.199.
Sobhi, S., A. Yousefi, and A. Behnood. 2020. “The effects of Gilsonite and Sasobit on the mechanical properties and durability of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 238 (Mar): 117676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117676.
Tan, Y., and M. Guo. 2013. “Using surface free energy method to study the cohesion and adhesion of asphalt mastic.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.067.
Van Oss, C. J., M. K. Chaudhury, and R. J. Good. 1988. “Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and polar interactions in macroscopic systems.” Chem. Rev. 88 (6): 927–941. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00088a006.
Wang, W., L. Wang, H. Xiong, and R. Luo. 2019. “A review and perspective for research on moisture damage in asphalt pavement induced by dynamic pore water pressure.” Constr. Build. Mater. 204 (Apr): 631–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.167.
Wasiuddin, N. M. 2007. Effect of additives on surface free energy characteristics of aggregates and binders in hot mix asphalt. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma.
Wasiuddin, N. M., and M. M. Zaman. 2010. “Polymeric aggregate treatment using styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) for moisture-induced damage potential.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 3 (1): 1–9.
Xiao, F., W. Zhao, T. Gandhi, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2010. “Influence of antistripping additives on moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (10): 1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000111.
Xu, S., F. Xiao, S. Amirkhanian, and D. Singh. 2017. “Moisture characteristics of mixtures with warm mix asphalt technologies—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 142 (Jul): 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.069.
Zhang, H., H. Li, A. Abdelhady, M. Jia, and N. Xie. 2020. “Investigation on surface free energy and moisture damage of asphalt mortar with fine solid waste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 231 (Jan): 117140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117140.
Zhdanov, S. P., L. S. Kosheleva, and T. I. Titova. 1987. “IR study of hydroxylated silica.” Langmuir 3 (6): 960–967. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00078a014.
Zhu, C., J. Tang, H. Zhang, and H. Duan. 2019a. “Effect of liquid anti-stripping agents on moisture sensitivity of crumb rubber modified asphalt binders and mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 225 (Nov): 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.173.
Zhu, C., G. Xu, H. Zhang, F. Xiao, S. Amirkhanian, and C. Wu. 2018. “Influence of different anti-stripping agents on the rheological properties of asphalt binder at high temperature.” Constr. Build. Mater. 164 (Mar): 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.236.
Zhu, J., K. Zhang, K. Liu, and X. Shi. 2019b. “Performance of hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures enhanced by nano-sized graphene oxide.” Constr. Build. Mater. 217 (Aug): 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.054.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 2 • February 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 6, 2020
Accepted: Jul 20, 2020
Published online: Nov 28, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 28, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.