Introducing Adhesion–Cohesion Index to Evaluate Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures Using a Registration Image-Processing Method
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 12
Abstract
Moisture damage is a major concern for evaluating the performance of asphalt mixtures. There are different types of experimental methods to determine the effect of moisture on mechanical and durability characteristics of asphalt mixtures. In this study, three different experimental approaches were implemented, including the boiling water test, the indirect tensile test, and the resilient modulus test, as well as the fracture energy analysis to evaluate moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures fabricated with different types of fillers including portland cement, limestone powder, and recycled concrete aggregates. Replacing the control filler material with these fillers resulted in improved fracture energy, which shows the stripping rate becomes slower by using them as fine aggregate. The fracture energy ratio of the asphalt mixture containing portland cement has the lowest rate of decrease for freeze-thaw cycles. Also, by applying a two-dimensional registration image-processing method as a low-cost soft-computing technique, an adhesion–cohesion index is introduced for determining the effect of moisture on adhesion between asphalt binder and aggregates as well as cohesion within asphalt mastic. Results have shown that there is a meaningful correlation between adhesion–cohesion index and number of freeze-thaw cycles, tensile strength ratio, resilient modulus ratio, and fracture energy ratio. To predict the adhesion–cohesion index of asphalt mixtures as an output of the image-processing method based on experimental results, a regression model was developed and verified in terms of the aforementioned parameters with an average prediction error of 4.46%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The following data and codes used during the study are available on request from the corresponding author: image-processing codes in MATLAB software, the data of the boiling water test, the data of the indirect tensile strength test, the data of the resilient modulus test, the data of the fracture energy analysis, and the acquired images from ITS specimens and boiling water test specimens. However, the models generated in this study are available within the article.
References
AASHTO. 2014. Standard method of test for resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures to moisture-induced damage. AASHTO T283. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. Standard method of test for Hamburg wheel-track testing of compacted hot mix asphalt (HMA). AASHTO T324. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Abdul Hassan, N., G. D. Airey, and M. R. Hainin. 2014. “Characterisation of micro-structural damage in asphalt mixtures using image analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54 (Mar): 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.047.
Airey, G. D., A. C. Collop, S. E. Zoorob, and R. C. Elliott. 2008. “The influence of aggregate, filler and bitumen on asphalt mixture moisture damage.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (9): 2015–2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.009.
Amelian, S., S. M. Abtahi, and S. M. Hejazi. 2014. “Moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt mixes based on image analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 63 (Jul): 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.012.
Antunes, V., A. C. Freire, L. Quaresma, and R. Micaelo. 2016. “Effect of the chemical composition of fillers in the filler–bitumen interaction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 104 (Feb): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.042.
Arbabpour Bidgoli, M., K. Naderi, and F. Moghadas Nejad. 2019. “Effect of filler type on moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures using mechanical and thermodynamic properties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (4): 04019024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002648.
Asphalt Institute. 1997. Mix design methods for asphalt. Manual Series No. 2 (MS-02). Lexington, KY: Asphalt Institute.
ASTM. 2011a. Standard test method for determining the resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures by indirect tension test. ASTM D7369. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011b. Standard test method for effect of water on compressive strength of compacted bituminous mixtures. ASTM D1075. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard practice for effect of water on bituminous-coated aggregate using boiling water. ASTM D3625. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for effects of heat and air on asphaltic materials (thin-film oven test). ASTM D1754. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017a. Standard test method for ductility of asphalt materials. ASTM D113. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017b. Standard test method for indirect tensile (IDT) strength of asphalt mixtures. ASTM D6931. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018a. Standard test method for density of semi-solid asphalt binder (pycnometer method). ASTM D70. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018b. Standard test method for flash and fire points by cleveland open cup tester. ASTM D92. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus). ASTM D36. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barman, M., R. Ghabchi, D. Singh, M. Zaman, and S. Commuri. 2018. “An alternative analysis of indirect tensile test results for evaluating fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 166 (Mar): 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.049.
Birgisson, B., R. Roque, and G. C. Page. 2003. “Evaluation of water damage using hot mix asphalt fracture mechanics (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 72: 424–462.
Hamed, F. K. M. 2010. “Evaluation of fatigue resistance for modified asphalt concrete mixtures based on dissipated energy concept.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Technische Universität.
Hamedi, G. H., and S. A. Tahami. 2018. “The effect of using anti-stripping additives on moisture damage of hot mix asphalt.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 81 (Mar): 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.016.
Hamzah, M. O., M. R. Kakar, S. A. Quadri, and J. Valentin. 2014. “Quantification of moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt using image analysis technique.” J. Cleaner Prod. 68 (Apr): 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.072.
Huang, B., X. Shu, Q. Dong, and J. Shen. 2010. “Laboratory evaluation of moisture susceptibility of hot-mix asphalt containing cementitious fillers.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (7): 667–673. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000064.
Kennedy, T. W., F. L. Roberts, and K. W. Lee. 1984. “Evaluating moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures using the Texas boiling test.” Transp. Res. Rec. 968: 45–54.
Kiggundu, B. M., and F. L. Roberts. 1988. Stripping in HMA mixtures: State-of-the-art and critical review of test methods. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Ling, C., A. Hanz, and H. Bahia. 2016. “Measuring moisture susceptibility of cold mix asphalt with a modified boiling test based on digital imaging.” Constr. Build. Mater. 105 (Feb): 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.093.
Pasandín, A. R., and I. Pérez. 2015. “The influence of the mineral filler on the adhesion between aggregates and bitumen.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 58 (Apr): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.01.005.
Sakanlou, F., H. Shirmohammadi, and G. H. Hamedi. 2018. “Investigating the effect of filler types on thermodynamic parameters and their relationship with moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixes.” Mater. Struct. 51 (2): 39. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1166-3.
Wen, H. 2013. “Use of fracture work density obtained from indirect tensile testing for the mix design and development of a fatigue model.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 14 (6): 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2012.729060.
Zhang, J., A. K. Apeagyei, G. D. Airey, and J. R. A. Grenfell. 2015. “Influence of aggregate mineralogical composition on water resistance of aggregate—Bitumen adhesion.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 62 (Oct): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.06.012.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 12 • December 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 29, 2019
Accepted: Jun 5, 2020
Published online: Sep 23, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Feb 23, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.