Hydraulic, Volumetric, and Mechanical Approach in Asphalt Mixture Design for Impervious Barriers
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 31, Issue 2
Abstract
Asphalt concrete has been used as an appropriate impervious barrier for water retention. The performance of asphalt concrete in dam cores, reservoir coatings, and canals is comparable with other existing alternatives. However, the methodology used to determine the amount of asphalt binder in the mixture is based on some experiences and recommendations; knowledge about the effect of the aggregate gradation on the permeability of asphalt concrete used in these barriers is limited. In this investigation, permeability and cracking susceptibility of asphalt concrete specimens made from different gradations and asphalt binder content are studied to propose a design method of asphalt mixtures for impervious barriers. Permeability tests under different conditions of hydraulic head and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were performed. As an outcome, for the materials used in this study, gradation limits were determined for pervious and impervious asphalt concrete. Considering that the mineral aggregate can have asphalt binder absorptions in a very wide range, it is proposed to use effective asphalt film thickness to determine the minimum asphalt binder content. It was found that the best performance of the mixture was achieved with an effective film thickness between 10 and 13 μm.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abdullah, W., M. T. Obaidat, and N. Abu-Sa’da. 1998. “Influence of aggregate type and gradiation on voids of asphalt concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 10 (2): 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1998)10:2(76).
Adam, K., J. Ríha, and M. Spano. 2016. “Investigation on the temperature of the asphalt-concrete facing of embankment dams.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 9 (1): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.01.006.
Aktarpour, A., and A. Khodaii. 2013. “Experimental study of asphaltic concrete dynamic properties as an impervious core in embankment dams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.044.
Asphalt Institute. 1989. The asphalt handbook. Lexington, KY: Asphalt Institute.
Asphalt Institute. 2001. Superpave mix design (SP-2). 3rd ed. Lexington, KY: Asphalt Institute.
ASTM. 2006. Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine. ASTM C131/C131M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of bituminous paving mixtures. ASTM D2041/D2041M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012a. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test). ASTM D2872. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012b. Standard test methods for chemical oxygen demand (dichromate oxygen demand) of water. ASTM D1252. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for soundness of aggregates by use of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. ASTM C88. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for sand equivalent value of soils and fine aggregate. ASTM D2419: West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015a. Standard test method for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM D7175. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015b. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM C127. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015c. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of fine aggregate. ASTM C128. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015d. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard specification for performance graded asphalt binder. ASTM D6373. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test method for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR). ASTM D6648. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016c. Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup tester. ASTM D92. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017a. Standard test method for determining the percentage of fractured particles in coarse aggregate. ASTM D5821. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017b. Standard test method for indirect tensile (IDT) strength of asphalt mixtures. ASTM D6931. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bordier, C., and D. Zimmer. 2000. “Drainage equations and non-Darcian modelling in coarse porous media or geosynthetic materials.” J. Hydrol. 228 (3–4): 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00151-7.
Chen, J., K. Lin, and S. Young. 2004. “Effects of crack width and permeability on moisture-induced damage of pavements.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (3): 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:3(276).
Gaxiola, A., and A. Ossa. 2018a. “Effect of water exposure on the physicochemical properties of impervious asphalt concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002437.
Gaxiola, A., and A. Ossa. 2018b. “Effect of water on the triaxial response under monotonic loading of asphalt concrete used in dams.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-018-9380-5.
Gaxiola, A., and A. Ossa. 2018c. “Laboratory determination of hydraulic anisotropy of dense graded asphalt concrete.” Ingeniería e Investigación 38 (1): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v38n1.67166.
Gruber, I., I. Zinovik, L. Holzer, A. Flisch, and L. Poulikakos. 2012. “A computational study of the effect of structural anisotropy of porous asphalt on hydraulic conductivity.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.094.
Hoeg, K. 1993. Asphaltic concrete cores for embankment dams. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.
Huang, B., H. Wu, X. Shu, and E. Burdette. 2010. “Laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of polymer-modified pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (5): 818–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.025.
ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams). 1982. Bituminous concrete facings for earth and rockfill dams. Bulletin 32a. Paris: ICOLD.
ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams). 1992. Bituminous cores for fill dams: State of the art. Bulletin 84. Paris: ICOLD.
Kennedy, T., and J. Anagos. 1983. Procedures for the static and repeated-load indirect tensile test. Austin, TX: Texas State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation.
Kim, J., and C. Koh. 2012. “Development of a predictive system for estimating fatigue life of asphalt mixtures using the indirect tensile test.” J. Transp. Eng. 138 (138): 1530–1540. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000452.
Kjaernsli, B., J. Mourn, and I. Tobian. 1996. Laboratory tests on asphaltic concrete for an impervious membrane on the Venemo rockfill dam. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.
Lee, H. S. 2015. “Application of the viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics to asphalt mixtures under indirect tensile load.” J. Eng. Mech. 141 (5): 04014154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000876.
Li, X., R. Williams, M. Marastenau, M. Timothy, and E. Johnson. 2009. “Investigation of in-place asphalt film thickness and performance of hot-mix asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 21 (6): 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:6(262).
Lv, Q., W. Huang, Zhu Xingyi, and F. Xiao. 2017. “On the investigation of self-healing behavior of bitumen and its influence factors.” Mater. Des. 117: 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.12.072.
Mallick, R., L. Cooley, M. Teto, R. Bradbury, and D. Peabody. 2003. An evaluation of factors affecting permeability of Superpave designed pavements. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Masad, E., B. Birgisson, A. Al-Omari, and A. Cooley. 2004. “Analytical derivation of permeability and numerical simulation of fluid flow in hot-mix asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (5): 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:5(487).
Mohammad, L., A. Herath, and B. Huang. 2003. “Evaluation of permeability of Superpave® asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1832: 50–58. https://doi.org/10.3141/1832-07.
Monroe, R. W. 1992. Evaluation of asphalt mix permeability. Ames, IA: Iowa Dept. of Transportation.
Norambuena-Contreras, J., and A. Garcia. 2016. “Self-healing of asphalt mixture by microwave and induction heating.” Mater. Des. 106 (Sep): 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.095.
Piratheepan, J., C. T. Gnanendran, and A. Arulrajah. 2012. “Determination of and from IDT and unconfined compression testing and numerical analysis.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (9): 1153–1164. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000493.
Putman, B., and K. Lyons. 2015. “Laboratory evaluation of long-term draindown of porous asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (10): 04015009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001260.
Sengoz, B., and A. Topal. 2007. “Minimum voids in mineral aggregate in hot-mix asphalt based on asphalt film thickness.” Build. Environ. 42 (10): 3629–3635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.005.
Umiliaco, A., and A. Benedetto. 2013. “Aggregate size distribution and hydraulic permeability of HMA: A full simulation study.” In Proc., Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013: Sustainable and Efficient Pavements, 1134–1144. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Vardanega, P. 2014. “State of the art: Permeability of asphalt concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (1): 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000748.
Vardanega, P., and T. Waters. 2011. “Analysis of asphalt concrete permeability data using representative pore size.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (2): 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000151.
Wang, W., and K. Hoeg. 2009. “The asphalt core embankment dam: A very competitive alternative.” In Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Rockfill Dams. Chengdu, China.
Wang, W., and K. Hoeg. 2011. “Cyclic behavior of asphalt concrete used as impervious core in embankment dams.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 137 (5): 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000449.
Wang, W., and K. Hoeg. 2016. “Simplified material model for analysis of asphalt core in embankment dams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.077.
Wang, W., Y. Zhang, K. Hoeg, and Y. Zhu. 2010. “Investigation of the use of strip-prone aggregates in hydraulic asphalt concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (11): 2157–2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.043.
Wen, H. 2010. “Viscoelastic solution of creep compliance for IDT test and its verification.” In Proc., Pavements and Materials: Characterization and Modeling Symp. at EMI Conf., 134–141. Los Angeles.
Zhang, Y., K. Hoeg, W. Wang, and Y. Zhu. 2013. “Watertighness, cracking resistance, and self-healing of asphalt concrete used as water barrier in dams.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (3): 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2011-0443.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 31 • Issue 2 • February 2019
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 21, 2018
Accepted: Aug 16, 2018
Published online: Dec 13, 2018
Published in print: Feb 1, 2019
Discussion open until: May 13, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.