Permanent Deformation Response of Polymer-Treated Pavement Foundation Material under Transmitted Stress Pulses
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 9
Abstract
An understanding of the response of pavement materials under repeat loading is required for the mechanistic approach to pavement design. In this study, the response of granular subbase materials for a flexible pavement under simulated traffic loading has been investigated using repeat load triaxial (RLT) testing. Three types of granular materials treated with polyacrylamide (PAM) have been tested to assess changes in engineering performance and response to simulated traffic. Untreated materials have been also tested for comparison. In addition, these samples have been prepared using different compaction efforts to assess the effect of compaction level on performance and response of these materials. The engineering performance of these materials (treated and untreated) in terms of strength and deformation is assessed by conducting unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and RLT tests. Data related to their response under simulated loads have been also collected and used to calibrate an existing plastic strain model to predict the permanent strain response of each soil type from its physical properties. Results indicate that samples treated with PAM yielded higher UCS values and lower deformation characteristics than the untreated samples, with plastic strain magnitude being dependent on the compaction effort used. Furthermore, the model adopted for determining plastic strain has been found to satisfactorily describe the plastic strain response of the RLT experimental test data.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ajayi-Majebi, A., W. A. Grissom, L. S. Smith, and E. E. Jones. 1991. “Epoxy-resin-based chemical stabilization of a fine, poorly graded soil system.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1295: 95–108.
Allen, J. J. 1973. “The effects of non-constant lateral pressure on the resilient response of granular materials.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Andrews, B., and G. Vorobieff. 2006. Guide to pavement technology: Part 4 L: Stabilising Binders,. Sydney, Australia: Austroads.
Andrews, R., and P. Duffy. 2008. “Polymer stabilisation and best value management of unsealed road networks.” Road Transp. Res.: J. Aust. New Zealand Res. Pract. 17 (3): 59–69.
Arnold, G. K. 2004. “Rutting of granular pavements.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Nottingham.
AS (Standards Australia). 2001. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes. Method 1.1: Sampling and preparation of soils—Preparation of disturbed soil samples for testing. AS 1289.1.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2002. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes. Method 3.9.1: Soil classification tests: Determination of the cone liquid limit of a soil. AS 1289.3.9.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2008. Methods for preparation and testing of stabilized materials. Method 4: Unconfined compressive strength of compacted materials. AS 5101.4. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2009. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes. Method 3.1.1: Soil classification tests: Determination of the liquid limit of a soil: Four point Casagrande method. AS 1289.3.1.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
ASTM. 2008a. Standard guide for evaluating effectiveness of admixtures for soil stabilization. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2008b. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM D2166. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
AUSTROADS. 2000. Determination of permanent deformation and resilient modulus characteristics of unbound granular materials under drained conditions. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Austroads.
Barksdale, R. D. 1972. “Laboratory evaluation of rutting in base course materials.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements. London: Grosvenor House.
Budhu, M. 1985. “The effect of clay content on liquid limit from a fall cone and the British cup device.” Geotech. Testing J., 8 (2), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10515J.
Camarena, S. 2013. “Sustainable road maintenance and construction utilising new technologies.” In Int. Public Works Conf. Albion, QLD, Australia: Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia.
Deng, Y. F., S. Y. Liu, J. A. Huang, Kan Li, Y. J. Du, and F. Jing. 2012. “Strength and permeability of cemented soil with PAM.” In Grouting and deep mixing 2012, 1800–1807. New Orleans: ASCE.
Dhakal, S. K. 2012. “Stabilization of very weak subgrade soil with cementitious stabilizers.” M.S. dissertation, Louisiana State Univ.
Doane, D. P., and L. E. Seward. 2017. “Measuring skewness: A forgotten statistic.” J. Stat. Educ. 19 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2011.11889611.
Fleming, P., and C. Rogers. 1995. “Assessment of pavement foundations during construction.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.: Transp. 111 (2): 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1680/itran.1995.27578.
Georgees, R. N., R. A. Hassan, and R. P. Evans. 2017. “A potential use of a hydrophilic polymeric material to enhance durability properties of pavement materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 148 (Sep): 686–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.086.
Holubec, I. 1969. Cyclic creep of granular materials. Oshawa, ON, Canada: Dept. of Highways.
Kim, D., and N. Z. Siddiki. 2006. Simplification of resilient modulus testing for subgrades. West Lafayette, IN: Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Dept. of Transportation and Purdue Univ.
Kolisoja, P. 1998. “Resilient deformation characteristics of granular materials.” Ph.D. dissertation, Tampere Univ. of Technology.
Lekarp, F. 1997. Permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials. Stockholm, Sweden: Kungliga Tekniska Hoegskolan, Institutionen Foer Infrastruktur Och Samhaellsplanering.
Lekarp, F., and A. Dawson. 1998. “Modelling permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 12 (1): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(97)00078-0.
Lekarp, F., U. Isacsson, and A. Dawson. 2000. “State of the art. II: Permanent strain response of unbound aggregates.” J. Transp. Eng. 126 (1): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:1(76).
Li, Y., M. Shao, and R. Horton. 2011. “Effect of polyacrylamide applications on soil hydraulic characteristics and sediment yield of sloping land.” Proc. Environ. Sci. 11: 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.12.118.
Midgley, L. 2009. “Best practice for the preparation of new granular pavements for thin bituminous surfacing.” In Australian Asphalt Paving Association 13th Int. Flexible Pavements Conf. Queensland, Australia: VicRoads.
Miller, W., R. Willis, and G. Levy. 1998. “Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide.” Soil Use Manage. 14 (2): 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00623.x.
Morgan, J. 1966. “The response of granular materials to repeated loading.” Australian Road Research Board Proc. 1178–1192. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Australian Road Research Board.
Nunes, M. C. M. 1997. “Enabling the use of alternative materials in road construction.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Nottingham.
O’Brien, R. M. 2007. “A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors.” Quality Quantity 41 (5): 673–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6.
Pink, B. 2012. Year book Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Polidori, E. 2007. “Relationship between the atterberg limits and clay content.” Soils Found. 47 (5): 887–896. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.887.
Puppala, A., L. Mohammad, and A. Allen. 1999. “Permanent deformation characterization of subgrade soils from RLT test.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 11 (4): 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:4(274).
Puppala, A. J., L. R. Hoyos, and A. K. Potturi. 2011. “Resilient moduli response of moderately cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (7): 990–998. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000268.
QTMR (Department of Transport and Main Roads). 2015. Sealing of unsealed roads with low traffic. Queensland, Australia: QTMR.
Rada, G., and M. W. Witczak. 1981. Comprehensive evaluation of laboratory resilient moduli results for granular material. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Record.
Santoni, R. L., J. S. Tingle, and S. L. Webster. 2002. “Stabilization of silty sand with nontraditional additives.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1787: 61–70. https://doi.org/10.3141/1787-07.
Shapiro, S. S., and M. B. Wilk. 1965. “An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples).” Biometrika 52 (3–4): 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591.
Sharp, R. W. 1985. “Pavement design based on shakedown analysis.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1022 (99): 107.
Standards Australia. 2003. “Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes. Method 5.2.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using modified compactive effort.” AS 1289.5.2.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
Sweere, G. T. H. 1990. “Unbound granular bases for roads.” Ph.D. dissertation, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Thom, N., and S. Brown. 1988. “The effect of grading and density on the mechanical properties of a crushed dolomitic limestone.” In Vol. 14 of Proc., 14th Conf. of Australian Road Research Board (ARRB), 94–100. Canberra, Australia: Publications of Australian Road Research Board.
Thom, N., and S. F. Brown. 1987. “Effect of moisture on the structural performance of a crushed-limestone road base.” In Vol. 1121 of Proc., 66th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Ullidtz, P. 1993. “Mathematical model of pavement performance under moving wheel load.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1384: 94–99.
VicRoads. 2013. Cementitious treated crushed rock for pavement subbase. Kew, VIC, Australia: VicRoads.
Werkmeister, S. 2003. “Permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials in pavement constructions.” Ph.D. dissertation, Technical Univ. of Dresden.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 1, 2017
Accepted: Mar 20, 2018
Published online: Jul 3, 2018
Published in print: Sep 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Dec 3, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.