Role of Supplementary Cementitious Material Type in the Mitigation of Calcium Oxychloride Formation in Cementitious Pastes
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 10
Abstract
Premature deterioration has been observed at some joints in concrete pavements. This joint damage has been attributed, in part, to a deleterious chemical reaction between chloride-based deicing salts (e.g., calcium chloride) and calcium hydroxide from the cementitious matrix resulting in the formation of a compound referred to as calcium oxychloride. Calcium oxychloride formation can be mitigated in cementitious pastes through the replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) (e.g., fly ash or slag). Although various SCMs are beneficial in mitigating the formation of calcium oxychloride, little has been written to describe similarities or differences between the different types of SCMs relating to their ability to mitigate calcium oxychloride formation. This paper compares various SCM types. Cementitious pastes were prepared with between 0 and 60% of the cement being replaced (by volume) with SCMs for water-to-cementitious materials ratios () of 0.36 and 0.50, which are the lower and upper bounds of the w/cm typically used for pavements and sidewalks. Pastes were cured to develop a high degree of hydration, and subsequently ground to a fine powder for use in thermogravimetric analysis and low temperature differential scanning calorimetry testing to quantify the calcium hydroxide and calcium oxychloride amounts, respectively. The composition of the specific fly ash and slag used influences the calcium hydroxide and calcium oxychloride amounts. As the w/cm increases, calcium hydroxide and calcium oxychloride amounts increase; however, this amount was only between 4 and 30% for the calcium hydroxide and various SCMs. As the volume of supplementary cementitious materials replacing the cement increases, calcium hydroxide and calcium oxychloride amounts decrease. The supplementary cementitious materials reduce the calcium hydroxide and calcium oxychloride formed in the order calcined clay silica fume fly ash slag limestone. The contributions of the SCMs to reducing calcium hydroxide (CH) and calcium oxychloride (CAOXY) due to dilution and reaction are separated. The potential benefits of different SCMs in reducing calcium hydroxide amounts in paste can be predicted based on their pozzolanicity (determined from their response in pozzolanic tests based on isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis).
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge funding from Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) as a part of the Joint Transportation Research Program (JTRP) through SPR 3864. Additional funding from the Portland Cement Association (PCA) Foundation and National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) Foundation is also acknowledged. The authors thank Mitchell Keys, Naomi Salgado, and Hunter Carolan for help in carrying out some of the experiments reported here.
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Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 10 • October 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 15, 2017
Accepted: Mar 19, 2018
Published online: Jul 14, 2018
Published in print: Oct 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Dec 14, 2018
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