Mechanical Performance Assessment of Bolted Glulam Joints with Local Cracks
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 6
Abstract
Cracks are commonly observed in glulam joints even though the members have yet to experience the design load level. The cracks are commonly formed by tensile stress perpendicular to grain and are induced by shrinkage of the wood under varying climatic conditions and exacerbated by the confinements from steel plates and bolts. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of cracks on the behavior of bolted joints under tension load. A theoretical method based on a quasi-nonlinear fracture mechanics model was proposed to estimate the failure load of tension joints. Both bolt ductile yielding and brittle failure, such as splitting and plug shear of wood, were considered in the analytical calculation. To obtain the load distributions of total load on individual bolts, a three-dimensional (3D) linear elastic numerical model was developed. Furthermore, full-scale tension tests were conducted on glulam joints with different configurations and crack patterns to validate the proposed theoretical method. It was found that the analytical method can reasonably predict the capacity and failure modes of bolted glulam joints. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that cracks have a dramatic effect on the stiffness and ductility ratio of the bolted joints.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0701603) and the Tongji University Civil Engineering International Collaborative Research Fund (Grant No. 0200121005/009) for supporting this research.
References
ABAQUS [Computer software]. Dassault Systèmes, Providence, RI.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard test methods for mechanical fasteners in wood.” ASTM D1761-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard test method for evaluating dowel-bearing strength of wood and woodbase products.” ASTM D5764-97a, Philadelphia, PA.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2004a). “Design of timber structures.” Eurocode 5, EN 1995-1-1, Brussels.
Chen, C., Lee, T., and Jeng, D. S. (2003). “Finite element modeling for the mechanical behavior of dowel-type timber joints.” Comput. Struct., 81(30), 2731–2738.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2009). “Engineering design in wood.” O86-09, Toronto.
Frühwald Hansson, E., Serrano, E., Toratti, T., Emilsson, A., and Thelandersson, S. (2007). “Design of safe timber structures.” How Can we Learn from Structural Failures in Concrete, Steel and Timber, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden.
Gattesco, N., and Toffolo, I. (2004). “Experimental study on multiple-bolt steel-to-timber tension joints.” Mater. Struct., 37(2), 129–138.
Gustafsson, P. J. (2002). “Mean stress approach and initial crack approach.”, Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden.
Jensen, J., Koizumi, A., Sasaki, T., Tamura, Y., and Iijima, Y. (2001). “Axially loaded glued-in hardwood dowels.” Wood Sci. Technol., 35(1), 73–83.
Jensen, J. L. (2005a). “Quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics analysis of splitting failure in moment-resisting dowel joints.” J. Wood Sci., 51(6), 583–588.
Jensen, J. L. (2005b). “Quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics analysis of splitting failure in simply supported beams loaded perpendicular to grain by dowel joints.” J. Wood Sci., 51(6), 577–582.
Jensen, J. L. (2005c). “Quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics analysis of the double cantilever beam specimen.” J. Wood Sci., 51(6), 566–571.
Jensen, J. L. (2005d). “Quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics analysis of the splitting failure of single dowel joints loaded perpendicular to grain.” J. Wood Sci., 51(6), 559–565.
Jensen, J. L., Girhammar, U. A., and Quenneville, P. (2015). “Brittle failure in timber connections loaded parallel to the grain.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build., 168(10), 760–770.
Jensen, J. L., and Quenneville, P. (2009). “Fracture mechanics analysis of row shear failure in dowelled timber connections.” Wood Sci. Technol., 44(4), 639–653.
Jensen, J. L., and Quenneville, P. (2011). “Fracture mechanics analysis of row shear failure in dowelled timber connections: Asymmetric case.” Mater. Struct., 44(1), 351–360.
Johansen, K. W. (1949). Theory of timber connections, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering Publications, Zurich.
Jorissen, A. J. M. (1998). Double shear timber connections with dowel type fasteners, Delft University Press, Delft, Netherlands.
MATLAB version 9.3 [Computer software]. MathWorks, Natick, MA.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). (2000a). “Mechanical properties of fasteners bolts, screws and studs.” GB/T3098-2000, Beijing (in Chinese).
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). (2000b). “Notations for designations of iron and steel.” GB/T221–2000, Beijing (in Chinese).
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). (2012). “Technical code of glued laminated timber structures.” GB/T50708-2012, Beijing (in Chinese).
Qiao, P., Wang, J., and Davalos, J. F. (2003a). “Analysis of tapered ENF specimen and characterization of bonded interface fracture under Mode-II loading.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 40(8), 1865–1884.
Qiao, P., Wang, J., and Davalos, J. F. (2003b). “Tapered beam on elastic foundation model for compliance rate change of TDCB specimen.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 70(2), 339–353.
Sjödin, J. (2008). “Strength and moisture aspects of steel-timber dowel joints in glulam structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Växjö Univ., Växjö, Sweden.
Sjödin, J., and Johansson, C. J. (2006). “Influence of initial moisture induced stresses in multiple steel-to-timber dowel joints.” Holz Roh- Werkst, 65(1), 71–77.
Sjödin, J., and Serrano, E. (2008). “A numerical study of methods to predict the capacity of multiple steel-timber dowel joints.” Holz Roh- Werkst, 66(6), 447–454.
Sjödin, J., Serrano, E., and Enquist, B. (2008). “An experimental and numerical study of the effect of friction in single dowel joints.” Holz Roh- Werkst, 66(5), 363–372.
Smith, I. (1983). “Coefficient of friction values applicable to contact surfaces between mild steel connectors such as bolts and dry European whitewood.” J. Inst. Wood Sci., 9, 229–234.
Wang, C., Lam, K., and He, X. (1998). “Exact solutions for Timoshenko beams on elastic foundations using Green’s functions.” Mech. Struct. Mach., 26(1), 101–113.
Xu, B. H., Bouchaïr, A., and Racher, P. (2015). “Mechanical behavior and modeling of dowelled steel-to-timber moment-resisting connections.” Struct. Eng., 04014165.
Xu, B. H., Taazount, M., Bouchaïr, A., and Racher, P. (2009). “Numerical 3D finite element modelling and experimental tests for dowel-type timber joints.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(9), 3043–3052.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 6 • June 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 28, 2017
Accepted: Nov 28, 2017
Published online: Mar 29, 2018
Published in print: Jun 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Aug 29, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.