Hydraulic Characterization of a Pervious Concrete for Deep Draining Trenches
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONPublication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 6
Abstract
Reduction in pore water pressure is a useful strategy to improve the stability of slopes. Deep draining trenches can be used for this purpose. For the realization of deep trenches, the usual conventional construction techniques are not adequate and the use of adjacent vertical panels, built by means of the methods well-established for diaphragm walls, is necessary. However, unbonded materials (i.e., gravels) cannot be used, because the excavation of a panel adjacent to one already built will cause instability. For this scope a bonded material such as pervious concrete can be used. It must have high permeability; filtering capacity, in order to prevent internal erosion of the soil in which the trench drain is installed; and sufficient shear strength after a short curing time to avoid the instability of adjacent previously built panels. This paper reports the hydraulic characterization of two mixtures of pervious concrete carried out in the laboratory. Hydraulic conductivity was measured in saturated conditions. Then, the water retention functions of the mixtures were experimentally deduced by investigating different calculation options and their impact on the simulation of seepage processes through an unsaturated soil mass, in which an ideal trench is located.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research was carried out with the support from Ministry of Education, Universities and Research—Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale 2010–2011 Protocol No. 2010SWTCKC_010 with title La Mitigazione del Rischio da Frana con Interventi Sostenibili; National Scientific Coordinator Professor Leonardo Cascini, University of Salerno; Scientific Manager of the Research Unit of University of Palermo Professor Calogero Valore; title of the research of the unit: L’impiego del Calcestruzzo Senza Frazione Fina per la Realizzazione di Trincee Drenanti Profonde.
References
Abadjieva, T., and Sephiri, P. (2000). “Investigations on some properties of no-fines concrete.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Construction in Developing Countries, Univ. of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, 1–6.
ACPT (Advanced Concrete Pavement Technology). (2012). “Pervious concrete.” ⟨www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete⟩ (Apr. 3, 2018).
Alam, B., Javed, M., Ali, Q., Ahmad, N., and Ibrahim, M. (2012). “Mechanical properties of no-fines bloated slate aggregate concrete for construction application, experimental study.” Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng., 3(2), 302–308.
Barnhouse, W., and Srubar, W. V., III. (2016). “Material characterization and hydraulic conductivity modeling of macroporous recycled-aggregate pervious concrete.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 110, 89–97.
Bottiglieri, O. (2009). “Caratterizzazione idraulica di un terreno a grana media parzialmente saturi.” Ph.D. thesis, Technical Univ. of Bari, Bari, Italy (in Italian).
Burghignoli, A., and Desideri, A. (1987). “On the effectiveness of tubular drains.” Proc., 9th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 121–124.
Cafaro, F., and Cotecchia, F. (2015). “Influence of the mechanical properties of consolidated clays on their water retention curve.” Ital. Geotech. J., 2, 11–27.
Cafaro, F., Hoffmann, C., Cotecchia, F., Buscemi, A., Bottiglieri, O., and Tarantino, A. (2008). “Modellazione del comportamento idraulico di terreni parzialmente saturi a grana media e grossa.” Ital. Geotech. J., 3, 54–72 (in Italian).
Chandler, R. J., Crilly, M. S., and Montgomery-Smith, G. (1992). “A low-cost method of assessing clay desiccation for low-rise buildings.” Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers, ICE Publishing, London, 82–89.
Chandler, R. J., and Gutierrez, C. I. (1986). “The filter-paper method of suction measurement. Technical notes.” Géotechnique, 36(2), 265–268.
Chandrappa, A. K., and Biligiri, K. P. (2016). “Comprehensive investigation of permeability characteristics of pervious concrete: A hydrodynamic approach.” Constr. Build. Mater., 123, 627–637.
Chen, B., Liu, J., and Li, P. (2008). “Experimental study on pervious concrete.” Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Concrete Pavements, San Francisco, 202–211.
Collins, K. A., Hunt, W. F., and Hathaway, J. M. (2008). “Hydrological comparison of four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in Eastern North Carolina.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 1146–1157.
Cotecchia, F., Lollino, P., and Petti, R. (2016). “Efficacy of drainage trenches to stabilise deep slow landslides in clay slopes.” Géotech. Lett., 6(1), 1–6.
Cotecchia, V., and Lonoce, R. (1963). “L’erosione nel bacino imbrifero del torrente Rendina e la sedimentazione nel lago artificiale di Abate Alonia.” Geotecnica, 1, 15–32 (in Italian).
Coughlin, J. P., Campbell, C. D., and Mays, D. C. (2008). “Infiltration and clogging by sand and clay in a pervious concrete pavement system.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 68–73.
D’Acunto, B., and Urciuoli, G. (2006). “Groundwater regime in a slope stabilized by drain trenches.” Math. Comput. Modell., 43(7–8), 754–765.
Deo, O., Sumanasooriya, M., and Neithalath, N. (2010). “Permeability reduction in pervious concrete due to clogging: Experimental and modeling.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 741–751.
Di Maio, C., Evangelista, A., and Viggiani, G. (1988). “Analisi dell’efficienza di sistemi di dreni tubolari.” Rivista Italiana di Geotecnica, XXII(4), 187–199 (in Italian).
Fell, R., Mac Gregor, P., Stapledon, D., Bell, G., and Foster, M. (2014). “Design, specification and construction of filters.” Chapter 9, Geotechnical engineering of embankment dams, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, London, 493–565.
Fredlund, D. G., and Rahardjo, H. (1993). Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils, Wiley, New York.
Ghafoori, N., and Dutta, S. (1996). “Laboratory investigation of compacted no-fines concrete for paving materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 183–191.
Goel, P. K. (2006). Water pollution: Causes, effects and control, New Age International, New Delhi, India.
González de Vallejo, L. I., Ferrer, M., Ortuño, L., and Oteo, C. (2005). Geoingegneria, Pearson Education, Milano, Italy.
Haselbach, L., Boyer, M., Kevern, J. T., and Schaefer, V. R. (2011). “Cyclic heat island impacts on traditional versus pervious concrete pavement systems.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2240, 107–115.
Haselbach, L., and Freeman, R. M. (2006). “Vertical porosity distribution in pervious concrete pavement.” ACI Mater. J., 103(6), 452–458.
Haselbach, L. M. (2010). “Potential for clay clogging of pervious concrete under extreme conditions.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 67–69.
Haselbach, L. M., Valavala, S., and Montes, F. (2006). “Permeability for sand-clogged portland cement pervious concrete pavement system.” J. Environ. Manage., 81(1), 42–49.
Hutchinson, J. N. (1977). “Assessment of the effectiveness of corrective measures in relation to geological conditions and types of slope movement.” Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 16(1), 131–155.
Kenney, T. C., Pazin, M., and Choi, W. S. (1977). “Design of horizontal drains for soil slopes.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 103(GT11), 1311–1323.
Kevern, J. T. (2006). “Mix design determination for freeze-thaw resistant portland cement pervious concrete.” M.S. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.
Kevern, J. T. (2015). “Evaluating permeability and infiltration requirements for pervious concrete.” J. Test. Eval., 43(3), 544–553.
Kevern, J. T., and Farney, C. (2012). “Reducing curing requirements for pervious concrete with a superabsorbent polymer for internal curing.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2290, 115–121.
Kevern, J. T., Schaefer, V. R., Wang, K., and Suleiman, M. T. (2008). “Pervious concrete mixture proportions for improved freeze-thaw durability.” J. ASTM Int., 5(2), 1–12.
Lau, K. C., and Kenney, T. C. (1984). “Horizontal drains to stabilize clay slopes.” Can. Geotech. J., 21(2), 241–249.
Leal-Vaca, J. C., Gallegos-Fonseca, G., and Rojas-González, E. (2012). “The decrease of the strength of unsaturated silty sand.” Eng. Res. Technol., XIII(4), 393–402.
Leonards, G. A. (1982). “Investigation of failures.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 108(GT2), 222–283.
Mageswari, M., Karthikeyan, M. P., Pavithran, S., Rajkumar, M., and Govindarajan, R. (2016). “High strength permeable pavement using no fines concrete.” SSRG Int. J. Civ. Eng., 3(3), 62–66.
Mahesh, B., and Lavanya, B. (2016). “Experimental study of pervious concrete in pavements.” Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 5(7), 12913–12924.
Martin, W. D., III, Kaye, N. B., and Putman, B. J. (2014). “Impact of vertical porosity distribution on the permeability of pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 59, 78–84.
Martin, W. D., III, Putman, B. J., and Kaye, N. B. (2013). “Using image analysis to measure the porosity distribution of a porous pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater., 48, 210–217.
Monterisi, L. (1996). “I depositi fluvio-lacustri pleistocenici del torrente Olivento.” Geol. Appl. e Idrogeologia, XXXI, 31–41.
Montes, F., and Haselbach, L. M. (2006). “Measuring hydraulic conductivity in pervious concrete.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 23(6), 960–969.
Montes, F., Valavala, S., and Haselbach, L. M. (2005). “A new test method for porosity measurements of portland cement pervious.” J. ASTM Int., 2(1), 1–13.
Mrakovcic, S., Ceh, N., and Jugovac, V. (2014). “Effect of aggregate grading on pervious concrete properties.” Gradevinar, 66(2), 107–113.
Nakamura, H. (1988). “Landslide control works by horizontal drainage works.” Proc., 5th Int. Symp. on Landslides, Vol. 2, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 965–970.
Neithalath, N. (2004). “Development and characterization of acoustically efficient cementitious materials.” Ph.D. thesis, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Neithalath, N., Sumanasooriya, M. S., and Deo, O. (2010). “Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability prediction.” Mater. Charact., 61(8), 802–813.
Nemirovsky, E. M., Welker, A. L., and Lee, R. (2013). “Quantifying evaporation from pervious concrete systems: Methodology and hydrologic perspective.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 271–277.
Nonveiller, E. (1981). “Efficiency of horizontal drains on slope stability.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 3, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 495–500.
Pastor, J., Thai, T.-H., and Francescato, P. (2000). “New bounds for the height limit of a vertical slope.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 24(2), 165–182.
Rahardjo, H., Hritzuk, K. J., Leong, E. C., and Rezaur, R. B. (2003). “Effectiveness of horizontal drains for slope stability.” Eng. Geol., 69(3–4), 295–308.
Ridley, A. M. (1993). “The measurement of soil moisture suction.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London, London.
Rowe, P. W. (1972). “The relevance of soil fabric to site investigation practice.” Géotechnique, 22(2), 195–300.
Schaefer, V. R., Wa, K., Suileiman, M. T., and Kevern, J. T. (2006). “Mix design development for pervious concrete in cold weather climates.” National Concrete Pavement Technology Center and Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.
SEEP/W [Computer software]. GEO-SLOPE International Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada.
Shu, X., Huang, B., Wu, H., Dong, Q., and Burdette, E. G. (2011). “Performance comparison of laboratory and field produced pervious concrete mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(8), 3187–3192.
Singh, P., and Scanlon, A. (2013). “Sustainability of residential concrete.”, Pennsylvania Housing Research Center, University Park, PA.
Sommerville, J., Craig, N., and Charles, A. (2011). “No-fines concrete in the UK social housing stock: 50 years on.” Struct. Surv., 29(4), 294–302.
Sriravindrarajah, R., Huai Wang, N. D., and Ervin, L. J. W. (2012). “Mix design for pervious recycled aggregate concrete.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater., 6(4), 239–246.
Tennis, P., Leming, M. L., and Akers, D. J. (2004). “Pervious concrete pavements.” Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Terzaghi, K. (1929). “Effects of minor geologic details on the safety of dams.” Geology and engineering for dams and reservoirs, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Englewood, CO, 119–132.
Terzaghi, K. (1950). “Mechanism of landslides.” Application of geology to engineering practice, S. Paige, ed., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 83–123.
Thakre, N., Rajput, H., Saxena, J., and Mitangale, H. (2014). “Comparative study on strength and permeability of pervious concrete by using nylon and polypropylene fiber.” IJCAT Int. J. Comput. Technol., 1(4), 141–148.
Torres, A., Hu, J., and Ramos, A. (2015). “The effect of the cementitious paste thickness on the performance of pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 95, 850–859.
Tsao, T. M., Wang, M. K., Chen, M. C., Takeuchi, Y., Matsuura, S., and Ochiai, H. (2005). “A case study of the pore water pressure fluctuation on the slip surface using horizontal borehole works on drainage well.” Eng. Geol., 78(1–2), 105–118.
Ushane, K. S., Kumar, K. J. P., and Kaviths, C. (2014). “Investigation of no-fines concrete in building blocks.” IJSCE Int. J. Struct. Civil Eng. Res., 3(4), 170–177.
Valore, C., and Ziccarelli, M. (2015). “The stabilization of a slope-viaduct system without closing traffic.” Proc., 16th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ICE Publishing, London, 367–372.
Valore, C., Ziccarelli, M., and Muscolino, S. R. (2017). “The bearing capacity of footings on sand with a weak layer.” Geotech. Res., 4(1), 12–29.
Valore, C., Ziccarelli, M., and Muscolino, S. R. (2018). “An experimental investigation into the permeability and filter properties of pervious concrete for deep draining trenches.” in press.
van Genuchten, M., Leij, F. J., and Yates, S. R. (1991). “The RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils, Version 1.0.”, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, CA.
van Genuchten, M. Y. (1980). “A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44(5), 892–898.
West, D., Kaye, N. B., Putman, B. J., and Clark, R. (2016). “Quantifying the non-linear hydraulic behavior of pervious concrete.” J. Test. Eval., 44(6), 2172–2181.
Zhong, R., and Wille, K. (2016). “Compression response of normal and high strength pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 109, 177–187.
Ziccarelli, M., Valore, C., Muscolino, S. R., and Fioravante, V. (2017). “Centrifuge tests on strip footings on sand with a weak layer.” Geotech. Res., 4(1), 47–64.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 6 • June 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 23, 2017
Accepted: Nov 14, 2017
Published online: Mar 30, 2018
Published in print: Jun 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Aug 30, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.