Experimental Investigation of Sustainable Concrete Made with Granite Industry By-Product
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 6
Abstract
The granite processing industry, due to its sawing and polishing activities, is responsible for producing an enormous quantity of granite powder waste, herein referred to as granite industry by-product (GIB). GIB is a hazardous pollutant that poses a threat to ecosystems, thus emphasizing the urgent need to find a sustainable and technologically viable way of utilizing GIB and thereby minimizing its risks. The paper aims to assess the feasibility of GIB as a possible sand replacement in the manufacturing of concrete. At a 0.50 water-to-cement ratio (w/c), feasibility studies were performed and analyses were done for 10, 25, 40, 55, and 70% sand replacement by GIB in the manufacturing of concrete. Strength and durability of concrete with different percentages of GIB particles were ascertained by comparing the results of compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion, shrinkage, permeability, carbonation, acid attack, chloride penetration, and corrosion tests with the results from a control concrete. Test results were ably explained by using auxiliary analyses such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The encouraging results proved the suitability of GIB concrete as a sustainable construction material. Optimal replacement level of river sand by GIB was found to be 25%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adigun, E. M. A. (2013). “Cost effectiveness of replacing sand with crushed granite fine in the mixed design of concrete.” IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng., 10(1), 01–06.
Al-Hamaiedeh, H. D., and Khushefati, W. H. (2013). “Granite sludge reuse in mortar and concrete.” J. Appl. Sci., 13(3), 444–450.
Allam, M. E., Bakhoum, E. S., and Garas, G. L. (2014). “Re-use of granite sludge in producing green concrete.” ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 9(12), 2731–2737.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens.” ASTM G1-03, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2005). “Standard test method for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement in concrete exposed to chloride environments.” ASTM G109-99a, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete.” ASTM C876-09, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard test methods for chemical resistance of mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings and polymer concretes.” ASTM C267: 01, West Conshohocken, PA.
Atiş, C. D., and Celik, O. N. (2002). “Relation between abrasion resistance and flexural strength of high volume fly ash concrete.” Mater. Struct., 35(4), 257–260.
Bacarji, E., Toledo Filho, R. D., Koenders, E. A. B., Figueiredo, E. P., and Lopes, J. L. M. P. (2013). “Sustainability perspective of marble and granite residues as concrete fillers.” Constr. Build. Mater., 45, 1–10.
Beretka, J., and Taylor, A. (1991). “Use of granite dust for making aerated concrete and ceramics.” Key engineering materials, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, 512–517.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1959). “Methods of tests for strength of concrete.” IS: 516, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1970). “Coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete.” IS: 383, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1974). “Specification for concrete slump test apparatus.” IS: 7320, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1980). “Specification for cement concrete flooring tiles: Method for determination of resistance to wear.” IS: 1237, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1989). “43 Grade ordinary Portland cement—Specification.” IS: 8112, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1999). “Concrete admixtures—Specification.” IS: 9103, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (2009). “Concrete mix proportioning—Guidelines.” IS: 10262, New Delhi, India.
British Standard Institute. (1986). “Testing concrete: Recommendations for determination of strain in concrete.” BS 1881–206, Park Street, London.
Castro, S. D., and Brito, J. D., (2013). “Evaluation of the durability of concrete made with crushed glass aggregates.” J. Clean. Prod., 41, 7–14.
Chowdary, P. L. (2015). “Studies on strength properties of effect of waste granite powder on the compressive strength of concrete.” JECET, 4(3), 716–727.
Concrete Experts International. (2016). “Carbonation of concrete.”⟨http://www.concrete-experts.com/pages/carb.htm⟩ (Jun. 17, 2016).
Costa, A., and Appleton, J. (1999). “Chloride penetration into concrete in marine environment—Part I: Main parameters affecting chloride penetration.” Mater. Struct., 32(4), 252–259.
Dhanapandian, S., Gnanavel, B., and Ramkumar, T. (2009). “Utilization of granite and marble sawing powder wastes as brick materials.” Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci., 4(2), 147–160.
Dimension Stone Granite in North East India. (1999). “Geological survey of India north eastern region.” ⟨http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/ner_dimensionstone.pdf⟩ (Feb., 1999).
DIN (Deutsches Institute für Normung). (1991). “EN-testing concrete: Determination of depth of penetration of water under pressure in hardened concrete.” DIN 1048, Berlin.
Divakar, Y., Manjunath, S., and Aswath, M. (2012). “Experimental investigation on behaviour of concrete with the use of granite fines.” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Stud., 1(4), 84–87.
Elmoaty, A. E. M. A. (2013). “Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of concrete modified with granite dust.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 743–752.
Felixkala, T., and Sethuraman, V. S. (2013). “Shrinkage properties of HPC using granite powder as fine aggregate.” Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol., 2(3).
Ho, D. W. S., Sheinn, A. M. M., Ng, C. C., and Tam, C. T. (2002). “The use of quarry dust for SCC application.” Cem. Concr. Res., 32(4), 505–511.
Hojamberdiev, M., Eminov, A., and Xu, Y. (2011). “Utilization of muscovite granite waste in the manufacture of ceramic tiles.” Ceram. Int., 37(3), 871–876.
Indian Bureau of Mines. (2013). “Indian mineral industry and national economy.” Indian minerals yearbook, Government of India, Nagpur, India.
Kala, D. T. F. (2013). “Effect of granite powder on strength properties of concrete.” Int. J. Eng. Sci., 2(12), 36–50.
Kanmalai Williams, C., Partheeban, P., and Felix Kala, T. (2008). “Mechanical properties of high performance concrete incorporating granite powder as fine aggregate.” India Int. J. Des. Manuf. Technol., 2(1), 67–73.
Kulkarni, D. K., and Prakash, K. B. (2008). “Shrinkage properties of concrete containing combination of admixtures.” J. Appl. Sci. Res., 100–108.
Manasseh, J. O. E. L. (2010). “Use of crushed granite fine as replacement to river sand in concrete production.” Leonardo Electron. J. Pract. Technol., 9(17), 85–96.
Mármol, I., Ballester, P., Cerro, S., Monrós, G., Morales, J., and Sánchez, L. (2010). “Use of granite sludge wastes for the production of coloured cement-based mortars.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 32(8), 617–622.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M. (2006). Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Menezes, R. R., Ferreira, H. S., Neves, G. A., Lira, H. D. L., and Ferreira, H. C. (2005). “Use of granite sawing wastes in the production of ceramic bricks and tiles.” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 25(7), 1149–1158.
Nazari, A., and Riahi, S., 2011. “Splitting tensile strength of concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag and nanoparticles as binder.” Energy Build., 43(4), 864–872.
PCA (Portland Cement Association). (2015) “Concrete Information: Ettringite formation and the performance of concrete.”, IL.
Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L., Fok, H., and Kou, S. C. (2004). “Influence of moisture states of natural and recycled aggregates on the slump and compressive strength of concrete.” Cem.Concr. Res., 34(1), 31–36.
Rajasthan Department of Mines and Geology. (2013). “Government of Rajasthan.” Centre for development of stones (CDOS), Rajasthan, India.
Ramos, T., Matos, A. M., Schmidt, B., Rio, J., and Sousa-Coutinho, J. (2013). “Granitic quarry sludge waste in mortar: Effect on strength and durability.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 1001–1009.
Rana, A., Kalla, P., and Csetenyi, L. J. (2015). “Sustainable use of marble slurry in concrete.” J. Cleaner Prod., 94, 304–311.
Raupach, M. (1996). “Chloride-induced macro-cell corrosion of steel in concrete theoretical background and practical consequences.” Constr. Build. Mater., 10(5), 329–338.
RILEM TC. (1988). “CPC-18: Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth.” RILEM Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Constructions Materials, E & FN SPON, London.
Saetta, A. V., and Vitaliani, R. V. (2004). “Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of carbonation process in reinforced concrete structures. Part I: Theoretical formulation.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(4), 571–579.
Scholz, T. V., and Keshari, S. (2010). “Abrasion-resistant concrete mix designs for precast bridge deck panels.”, Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Salem, OR.
Science of Concrete. (2015). “Durability of concrete, science of concrete.” ⟨http://iti.northwestern.edu/cement/index.html⟩ (Jun. 15, 2016).
Siddique, R., Aggarwal, Y., Aggarwal, P., Kadri, E. H., and Bennacer, R. (2011). “Strength, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete made with used-foundry sand (UFS).” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(4), 1916–1925.
Singh, M., and Siddique, R. (2014). “Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater., 50, 246–256.
Singh, M., and Siddique, R. (2015). “Properties of concrete containing high volumes of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate.” J. Cleaner Prod., 91, 269–278.
Thomas, B. S., Gupta, R. C., Mehra, P., and Kumar, S. (2015). “Performance of high strength rubberized concrete in aggressive environment.” Constr. Build. Mater., 83, 320–326.
Torres, P., Manjate, R. S., Quaresma, S., Fernandes, H. R., and Ferreira, J. M. F. (2007). “Development of ceramic floor tile compositions based on quartzite and granite sludges.” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 27(16), 4649–4655.
Tripathi, B., and Chaudhary, S. (2016). “Performance based evaluation of ISF slag as a substitute of natural sand in concrete.” J. Cleaner Prod., 112, 672–683.
Tripathi, B., Misra, A., and Chaudhary, S. (2013). “Strength and abrasion characteristics of ISF slag concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1611–1618.
U.S. Geological Survey. (2013). Mineral commodity summaries 2013, VA, 198.
Vaitkevičius, V., Šerelis, E., and Lygutaitė, R. (2013). “Production waste of granite rubble utilisation in ultra high performance concrete.” J. Sustainable Archit. Civ. Eng., 2(3), 54–60.
Vedalakshmi, R., Rajagopal, K., and Palaniswamy, N. (2008). “Longterm corrosion performance of rebar embedded in blended cement concrete under macro cell corrosion condition.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(3), 186–199.
Veronique, B. B., Patrick, B., Matthias, B., and Dominique, H. (2007). “AgNO3 spray tests: Advantages, weaknesses, and various applications to quantify chloride ingress into concrete. Part 1: Non-steadystate diffusion tests and exposure to natural conditions.” Mater. Struct., 40(8), 759–781.
Vijayalakshmi, M., Sekar, A. S. S., and Prabhu, G. G. (2013). “Strength and durability properties of concrete made with granite industry waste.” Constr. Build. Mater., 46, 1–7.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 6 • June 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 8, 2016
Accepted: Oct 19, 2016
Published online: Feb 9, 2017
Published ahead of print: Mar 16, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jul 9, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.